1. Alter – Information Systems © 2002 Prentice Hall 1 The Process of Information System Planning

2. Alter – Information Systems © 2002 Prentice Hall 2 What Is an Information Systems Plan? Information systems planning should be an integral part of business planning Business planning – the process of identifying the firm’s goals, objectives, and priorities + developing action plans for accomplishing them. Information systems planning – the part of business planning concerned with developing the firm’s information systems resources

3. Alter – Information Systems © 2002 Prentice Hall 3 Challenges in Business Planning Foreseeing and assessing opportunities Assuring consistency with organizational plans and objectives Building systems Maintaining information system performance Collaborating with IT professionals

4. Alter – Information Systems © 2002 Prentice Hall 4 Principles for IS Planning Support the firm’s business strategy with appropriate technical architecture Evaluate technology as a component of a larger system Recognize life cycle costs, not just acquisition costs

5. Alter – Information Systems © 2002 Prentice Hall 5 Design information systems to be maintainable Recognize the human side of technology use Support and control the technical system

6. Alter – Information Systems © 2002 Prentice Hall 6 Planning Role of the IS and User Departments The IS department is responsible for producing the IS plan in conjunction with the user departments Chief information officer (CIO) Chief information officer (CIO) Leads the IS function, and is responsible for making sure that the IS plan supports the firm's business plan

7. Alter – Information Systems © 2002 Prentice Hall 7 User roles in IS planning – roles: Sponsors Sponsors – senior managers who make sure resources are allocated for building and maintaining the system Champions Champions – individuals that recognize the importance of an IS, and exert effort to make sure that others share that recognition IS steering committees IS steering committees – make sure that the IS reflects business priorities

8. Alter – Information Systems © 2002 Prentice Hall 8 Allocating Resources Between New and Old ISs Maintaining existing ISs and supporting users User support projects Enhancements Bug fixes

9. Alter – Information Systems © 2002 Prentice Hall 9 New development, infrastructure, and other projects Major new applications projects IT infrastructure Research projects Pilot project

10. Alter – Information Systems © 2002 Prentice Hall 10 Project Roles of IT Professionals Project managers Application programmers System analysts Programmer- analyst Technical writers Computer operators Database administrators System managers System programmers User support staff

11. Alter – Information Systems © 2002 Prentice Hall 11 Strategic Alignment of Business and IT

12. Alter – Information Systems © 2002 Prentice Hall 12 Figure 11.3

13. Alter – Information Systems © 2002 Prentice Hall 13 Consistency With Business Priorities Critical success factors (CSF) – the things that must go right for a business to succeed Identify the firm’s primary mission and the objectives that determine satisfactory overall performance Executives identify a relatively small number of CSFs

14. Alter – Information Systems © 2002 Prentice Hall 14 Reengineering and Downsizing Business process reengineering (BPR) Business process reengineering (BPR) – the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical measures of performance Difficult and risky Downsizing Downsizing – improve process efficiency by reducing the number of people involved in the process

15. Alter – Information Systems © 2002 Prentice Hall 15 Enterprise-wide and Interorganizational Systems Interorganizational systems – reflect the customer and supplier aspects of the integration issues addressed by ERP systems Integration between ERP packages and supply chain management Virtual organizations – major aspects of core processes are outsourced to companies that specialize in these areas

16. Alter – Information Systems © 2002 Prentice Hall 16 Information System Architecture The basic blueprint showing how the firm’s data processing systems, networks, and data are integrated Must incorporate legacy systems Old, and often obsolete systems that are still in use Computing platform Computing platform The basic types of computers, operating system, and network

17. Alter – Information Systems © 2002 Prentice Hall 17 Centralization vs. Decentralization Location of hardware and data Corporate headquarters Regional processing centers Site processing centers Department processors Work group processors Individual workstations

18. Alter – Information Systems © 2002 Prentice Hall 18 Standards, ownership, and guidelines for action Position of the IS staff

19. Alter – Information Systems © 2002 Prentice Hall 19 Describing a Business-driven Infrastructure Figure 11.5

20. Alter – Information Systems © 2002 Prentice Hall 20 Outsourcing A long-standing practice in IS departments Application service provider (ASP) Application service provider (ASP) Operate a firm’s application on remote servers on a WAN Advantage: the firm no longer needs to install and maintain the software Disadvantage: the firm has less control over the application, and may have difficulty transferring to another ASP if needed

21. Alter – Information Systems © 2002 Prentice Hall 21 International Issues Technical incompatibilities Social and political issues Telecommunication issues Transborder data flow Economic issues

22. Alter – Information Systems © 2002 Prentice Hall 22 Selecting Systems to Invest In

23. Alter – Information Systems © 2002 Prentice Hall 23 Cost/Benefit Analysis The process of evaluating proposed projects by comparing estimated benefits and costs Key issues: Tangible and intangible benefits Tendency to understate costs Timing of costs and benefits

24. Alter – Information Systems © 2002 Prentice Hall 24 Risks Desired benefits are not achieved The project is late and/or over budget The system’s technical performance is inadequate User acceptance is low Shifting priorities reduce the project’s importance, etc.

25. Alter – Information Systems © 2002 Prentice Hall 25 Financial Comparisons Some common criteria used for comparing and ranking projects: Net present value (NPV) Internal rate of return (IRR) Payback

26. Alter – Information Systems © 2002 Prentice Hall 26 Project Management Issues Division of labor between the IS department and users Keeping the project on schedule Goals, deliverables, schedules Challenges in information system projects

27. Alter – Information Systems © 2002 Prentice Hall 27 Systems Analysis Revisited

28. Alter – Information Systems © 2002 Prentice Hall 28 Information Sources for Analyzing Systems Interviews Inputs, outputs, and documentation of existing systems On-site observation Questionnaires Benchmarking