1. Psychodynamic Approach According to this approach, personality is a result of unconscious psychological conflicts and how effectively these are resolved by the individual. These conflicts have its origins in childhood. Sigmund Freud is the most famous proponent of this view. Freud's psychodynamic theory is considered to be the first developmental theory of personality in psychology. It describes and explains how personality ‘develops’, and describes and explains the development of personality throughout the entire lifespan. Freud believed that the mind has three basic structures: – Id : unconscious irrational source of primitive impulses. – Ego : conscious and realistic (respects “reality principle”) – Superego : both conscious and unconscious. Based on rules and prohibitions we have internalized.

2. Divisions of Consciousness Preconscious mind - level of the mind in which information is available but not currently conscious. Conscious mind - level of the mind that is aware of immediate surroundings and perceptions. Unconscious mind - level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information are kept that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness. –Can be revealed in dreams and Freudian slips of the tongue.

3. Personality is fully formed by about five or six years of age. What happens in life after this is an expansion and refinement of this basic structure. Personality has three basic parts and Conflict in the personality occurs when the three basic pull with opposite directions. – Id : Pleasure principle, instant gratification of basic needs without concern for anything. – Ego : conscious and realistic (respects “reality principle”) – Superego : both conscious and unconscious. Based on rules and prohibitions we have internalized.

4. ID –It operates on the pleasure principal. –innate, biological needs which all of us are born with. (eating, sleeping, survival needs). –“I must have it now”. The desire for instant gratification. –represents the demanding, impulsive, illogical, irrational and extremely selfish part of our personality. The libido underlies our efforts to survive as well as our sexual desires and pleasure seeking emotions

5. Ego Operates on the reality principle realistic, logical and orderly. Described as the executive setting the standard of behaviour As infants become children they have a better understanding of how the world works it tries to ensure the needs of the id are met, but in a socially acceptable way and at appropriate times The ego plays a mediating role. It has to cope not only with id demands, but also with the demands of the superego.

6. Superego It operated by the moral principle, otherwise can be seen as our conscience seen as a judge responsible for our feelings of guilt when we do something wrong and our sense of pride when we do something right Ego Ideal: reflecting behaviour our parents rewarded or approved main functions of the superego are to block the urges of the id, to persuade the ego to be moralistic rather than realistic, and to strive for perfection when thoughts, feelings or actions don't meet the superego's ideal standards.

7. Using the picture below, identify which is the id, ego and superego. Who else can you think of? Id Ego Superego

8. Get into groups of three to perform a scenario with each member portraying id, ego or superego for the class to identify.

10. How it works – The Psychodynamic way It is the constant fight between the id who wants its needs met and the superego who tries to punish while the ego constantly tries to mediate between the two.

11. How does our mind handle conflicts between id, ego and superego

12. Defence Mechanisms Term defence mechanism was used by Freud to describe the unconscious process where the ego defends or protects itself against anxiety arising from unresolved internal conflicts between the id and superego. They reduce anxiety by denying, falsifying or distorting reality; that is, the ego interprets events in a way which denies or changes reality so we can believe there is no need to feel anxious or ‘psychologically uneasy’. Happens without us even being aware.

13. Defence Mechanism DescriptionsExample DenialRefusing to believe an anxiety provoking event existsBeing told my son Barracks for another Footy team. RepressionPreventing unacceptable thoughts or feelings from entering conscious awareness, preventing anxiety. Reaction FormationThinking, feeling or behaving in a manner which is opposite to how you really think, feel or behave. RegressionGoing back to a younger, child-like, immature, way of behaving ProjectionShifting our unwanted thoughts, feelings or personal shortcomings onto someone else RationalisationMaking up a socially acceptable explanation to justify unacceptable thoughts, feelings or behaviour CompensationAttempting to cover up a real or imagined weakness by emphasising something in which you excel. SubliminationChannelling unacceptable thoughts, impulses or wishes in a socially acceptable way. IntellectualisationIgnoring emotions and feelings by talking about an emotionally painful event in a cold unemotional way FantasyFulfilling unconscious wishes or impulses by imaging them in activities. DisplacementDirecting an emotion away from the object or person that caused it to substitute object or person that is less threatening. DEFENCE MECHANISMS

14. Coping in Life- Defence Mechanisms.mp4

15. What techniques does Freud use to resolve conflicts?

16. Free association In a therapy session, the patient would be given a stimulus word and asked to talk freely about whatever enters their head The therapist would then analyse what is said in order to detect possible conflicts or traumas which might be buried in the subconscious We don’t have the time or expertise for this, so…

17. You have 30 seconds to write down the first 10 words that come into your mind Don’t think about it… just write NOW…

18. Dream analysis Freud said that dreams were full of symbols which represent what is going on in our unconscious mind Analysing our dreams helps us to understand our unconscious They consist of manifest content and latent content. Other psychologists analyse dreams, but Freud differs because he believed most dreams had a sexual content