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2.  Why do some people persist in their goals and others give up?  Have you ever found it hard to do something that needed to be done?  Have you ever had a hard time getting others to do or accomplish necessary tasks?  What would you most like to achieve and accomplish in your life?  Do what you love and love what you do? 2

3. 3  Most important, think critically about the goals you have chosen for yourself: are they what you want to do or what someone else wants you to do?  Do they reflects your values? If you are not happy with your body, your relationships, or your work, why not? THINK ABOUT IT.

4.  What is motivation?  Why you need to know what is motivation? 4

5.  The word motivation, comes from the Latin root meaning “to move,”.  The psychology of motivation is indeed the study of what moves us,  Why we do what we do.  In Psychology terms, a motive is a tendency to desire and seek out positive incentives or rewards and to avoid negatives outcomes (Atkinson, 1958/1983; McClelland, 1987). 5

6.  Most psychologists define motivation as the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal or the reason for the action.  The difference or gap between what needs to be done and what is not being done can be closed using motivation. 6

7.  When we are motivated, we are driven to engage in some form of behavior. Every time we are motivated to do many different things. For instance, we are motivated to eat, drink, attend school, go to work, interact with family and friends, and so on.  Not all are motivated by the same values, needs, desires or wants.  Some will be motivated by the approval of others & some by overcoming challenges. 7

8.  Motivation is the characteristic that helps you achieve your goal.  Psychologists define motivation as an internal process that activates, guides, and maintains behavior over time.  Four central areas of human motivation: food, love, sex and achievement.  Think of one or more significant others whom you would consider to be your source of motivation.  How this people motivate you? 8

9.  Motivation originates from a variety of sources (need, cognition, and emotions), and these internal processes energize and direct behavior in multiple ways (starting, sustaining, intensifying, focusing, and stopping the particular behavior.  Intrinsic motivation, the desire to do something for its own sake and the pleasure it brings.  Extrinsic motivation, the desire to do something for external rewards. 9

10. SUMMARY The best possible definition would be that it is an internal state that activates behaviour and gives it direction, then that will align the person ’ s energy to that direction, which becomes a goal. The influence of that goal, creates an intensity on the behaviour, and the person experiences an arousal that exhibits persistence in his or her behaviour. 10

11. ...according to Murray's list of basic human need "achievement is described as to overcome obstacle, and attain a high standard or to rival and surpass others or to strive and to master" ...is the driving force to do well relative to a standard of excellence (McClelland, Atkinson, Clark, & Lowell, 1953) 11

12.  People achieve more when they have specific, focused goals.  When they set high but achievable goals for themselves.  The motivation to achieve also depends on:  whether people set mastery (learning) goals, in which the focus is on learning the task well,  or performance goals, in which the focus is on performing well for others. 12

13.  Mastery goals lead to persistence in the face of failures and setbacks; performance goals often lead to giving up after failure.  People’s expectations can create self-fulfilling prophecies of success or failure.  These expectations stem from one’s level of self-efficacy. 13

14.  Significant characteristic and processes of human achievement examines and distinguish achievements from failure & how we define achievement, or failure.  Based on the achievement motivation perspectives, David McClelland & John Atkinson’s study on “nature of achievement motivation” illustrates certain behavior activated by the achievement motive 14

15.  There are two distinct approaches to the study of motivation. First is a product of academic, experimental procedures, Second is an outgrowth of clinical, non-experimental methods. 15

16.  All investigators in this field are guided by a single basic question, namely, Why do organisms think and behave as they do?  Quantitative and qualitative measurement of human achievement, for eg.  Hermans (1970) Prestatic Motivation Test (PMT)  Jackson (1974) Personal Research Form (PRF) 16

17.  The research on motivation defines motivation as an orientation toward a goal. (This orientation may be positive, negative, or ambivalent.)  Motivation provides a source of energy that is responsible for why learners decide to make an effort, how long they are willing to sustain an activity, how hard they are going to pursue it, and how connected they feel to the activity. 17

18.  Much of the research on motivation has confirmed the fundamental principle of causality: motivation affects effort, effort affects results, positive results lead to an increase in ability. 18