2. Splash Screen

3. Contents Chapter Focus Section 1Section 1Principles of Government Section 2Section 2The Formation of Governments Section 3Section 3Types of Government Section 4Section 4Economic Theories

4. Section 1 Introduction-1 Section 1: Principles of Government Key Questions How do various theories explain the origin of government? What are the essential differences between Hobbes and Locke over social contract theory? What are the four main purposes of government?

5. Defining State v. Nation What does the word state mean? Today it precisely identifies a political community that occupies a definite territory and has an organized government with the power to make and enforce laws without approval from an higher authority. In the United States, state can have a slightly different meaning. What is this meaning?

6. Defining State v. Nation What does nation mean? A nation is any sizable group of people who are united by common bonds of race, language, custom, tradition, and, sometimes, religion. Typically the borders of modern states and nations are the same. The term nation-state can be used for such a country.

7. Section 1-5 A.The state evolved from the family group. II.Theories of the Origin of the State (page 8) B.One person or a group used force to establish its authority to govern the people. C.The rulers of the people were chosen by the gods to govern. D. The people gave the government its power to rule them, and in return the government had to respect the people’s rights.

8. Section 1-7 A.Governments are needed to maintain social order by making and enforcing laws. III.The Purpose of Government (pages 9–11) B.Governments provide essential services for people, such as promoting public health and safety. C.Governments protect people from attack by other states and from internal threats such as terrorism. D. Governments pass laws that shape and control the nation’s economy in various ways.

9. Section 1-8 Do you think the government has too much or too little control over the economy of the United States? III.The Purpose of Government (pages 9–11)

10. ___nation-state ___consensus ___social contract ___sovereignty ___nation Section 1 Assessment-2 A.theory that by contract, people surrender to the state the power needed to maintain order and the state, in turn, agrees to protect its citizens B.an agreement about basic beliefs C.the supreme and absolute authority within territorial boundaries D.a country in which the territory of both the nation and state coincide E.group of people united by bonds of race, language, custom, tradition, and, sometimes, religion Checking for Understanding D B A C E Match the term with the correct definition.

11. Section 1 Assessment-4 4.Summarize the divine right and social contract theories. Checking for Understanding The divine right theory holds that the state comes from a god and that rulers are descended from or chosen by a god. The social contract theory says people give power to the state so the state may preserve order and rights.

12. Section 1 Assessment-3 3.Identify Aristotle, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke. Checking for Understanding Aristotle, a scholar in ancient Greece, was one of the first students of government. He studied the polis, the ancient Greek city-state. Thomas Hobbes was one of the first to theorize on the social contract. John Locke wrote that people were naturally endowed with the right to life, liberty, and property. Locke believed that people had the right to break the contract when the government failed to preserve the rights of the people.

13. Aristotle Cicero History Beyond The Textbook Aristotle wrote that the state, or government, had its roots in the family. He also argued that the state’s role was to support the development of the people. Aristotle’s philosophy revolves around the relationships between people and the roles played in those relationships. One of the relationships Aristotle discusses is that of the ruler and ruled. Aristotle was the private teacher of Alexander the Great. 384-322 B.C.

14. Thomas Hobbes History Beyond The Textbook Cicero CICERO © 2007 1588-1679 A.D. English political philosopher who published the book Leviathan in 1651. Hobbes makes a case for a powerful sovereign, or executive. Wrote Leviathan during the English Civil War, and the chaos he witnessed around him influenced his work. Hobbes believed it was the sovereign who should be the one to control civil and military power.

15. John Locke History Beyond The Textbook Cicero CICERO © 2007 1632-1704 A.D. His most famous work is Two Treatises of Civil Government, which was published in 1690. He also believed all men were born with basic rights. These rights included the rights to life, liberty, and property. If these words sound somewhat familiar, it is because Thomas Jefferson studied Locke’s work and included them in the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson would change the word “property” to “the pursuit of happiness.” Locke’s phrase also was included in the First Continental Congress’ Declaration of Colonial Rights.

16. Section 1 Assessment-5 5.Making Comparisons Thomas Hobbes and John Locke both subscribed to the social contract theory of government. Analyze their views of that theory. Critical Thinking Both believed that people surrendered to the state the power needed to maintain order, but Locke believed that people had the right to break that contract when government failed to preserve the rights of the people. Hobbes did not believe they had that right.

17. Section 3 Introduction-1 Section 3: Types of Government Key Questions: Why is free enterprise conducive to the growth and preservation of democracy? What are the main characteristics of a democracy?

18. Section 3-2 A.Governments may be classified according to who governs the state. I.Major Types of Government (pages 18–20) B.In an autocracy, such as a dictatorship or absolute monarchy, power and authority reside in a single individual. C.In an oligarchy, such as a communist country, a small group holds power in the government. D. In a democracy, such as the United States, the people hold the sovereign power of government.

19. Section 3-5 A.Government works to secure an equal opportunity for people to develop their own abilities. II.Characteristics of Democracy (pages 20–23) B.Government is based on majority rule through the people’s elected representatives, but respects the rights of minorities. C.Government is based on free and open elections in which every citizen has the right to vote, every vote has equal weight, and candidates for office can freely express their views. D. Political parties choose candidates for office, respect the voters’ decisions in elections, and act as loyal opposition.

20. Section 3-7 A.Certain conditions or environments favor the development of the democratic system of government. III.The Soil of Democracy (pages 23–24) B.Countries where citizens participate fully in civic life are more likely to maintain a strong democracy. C.Stable, growing economies with a large middle class help strengthen democracies. D. A public school system open to all people helps promote democracy.

21. Section 3-8 E.A strong civil society in which a network of voluntary organizations (including economic groups, religious groups, and many others) exists independent of government helps democracy to flourish. F.The people accept democratic values such as individual liberty and equality for all in a social consensus. III.The Soil of Democracy (pages 23–24)

22. ___monarchy ___republic ___free enterprise ___autocracy ___oligarchy Section 3 Assessment-2 A.the opportunity to control one’s own economic decisions B.a system of government in which a small group holds power C.a system of government in which the power to rule is in the hands of a single individual D.autocracy in which a king, queen, or emperor exercises supreme powers of government E.a government in which voters hold sovereign power; elected representatives, responsible to the people, exercise that power Checking for Understanding D E A C B Match the term with the correct definition.

23. Section 3 Assessment-3 3.Identify “one person, one vote.” Checking for Understanding This is the principle that everyone’s vote carries the same weight and a characteristic of free elections found in a democracy.

24. Section 3 Assessment-4 4.What other characteristics of democracy distinguish it from other forms of government? Checking for Understanding Answers may include individual liberty, majority rule with minority rights, free elections with secret ballots, and rival political parties.

25. Section 4 Introduction-1 Section 4: Economic Theories Key Question In what three ways has the United States modified its free enterprise system?

26. Section 4-2 A.Governments provide for many different kinds of economic systems. I.The Role of Economic Systems (page 26) B.Economic systems make decisions about what goods and services should be produced, how they should be produced, and who gets them.

27. Section Focus 4 1) capitalism with a mixed- market economy 2) socialism and communism3) capitalism

28. Section 4-4 A.Capitalism is based on free enterprise, or individual economic choices. II.Capitalism (pages 26–28) B.Capitalism developed gradually from the economic and political changes in medieval and early modern Europe. C.The United States has a capitalist economy, but government plays a role.

29. Section 4-5 D.Government’s role in the U.S. economy has increased since the early 1900s. E.Today the United States has a mixed market economy, incorporating both free enterprise and government regulation of business and industry. II.Capitalism (pages 26–28)

30. Section 4-6 II.Capitalism (pages 26–28) What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of capitalism? Advantages: incentives to achieve individual potential, freedom Disadvantages: extremes of wealth and poverty

31. Section 4-7 A.Under socialism, government owns the basic means of production, plans the use of resources, distributes many products and wages, and provides basic social services. III.Socialism (page 28) B.Socialism developed in Europe during the nineteenth century.

32. Section 4-8 C.Some socialists favored taking over the government by means of revolution, while other socialists believed in democratic socialism, in which economic conditions change peacefully and people have some freedoms and rights. III.Socialism (page 28) D.Socialist governments have taken power in several countries; however, critics argue that this economic system fails to solve most economic problems.

33. Section 4-10 A.Communism is based on the nineteenth- century ideas of Karl Marx, who argued that capitalism exploited workers to benefit a small group of capitalists who controlled the economy. IV.Communism (pages 29–30) B.Marx predicted workers would eventually rise in a violent revolution, which would result in government ownership of all means of production and distribution; when all property was held in common, there would be no need for government.

34. Section 4-11 C.In communist nations, government makes all economic decisions; owns the land, natural resources, industry, banks, and transportation system; and controls all mass communication. IV.Communism (pages 29–30)

35. Section Focus 4 1) capitalism with a mixed- market economy 2) socialism and communism3) capitalism

36. ___free market ___laissez-faire ___proletariat ___command economy ___bourgeoisie Section 4 Assessment-2 A.workers who produce the goods B.an economic system in which the government controls the factors of production C.economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and on individual economic freedom D.the philosophy that government should keep its hands off the economy E.capitalists who own the means of production Checking for Understanding C D A B E Match the term with the correct definition.

37. Section 4 Assessment-3 3.Identify Adam Smith, Karl Marx. Checking for Understanding Adam Smith was a Scottish philosopher and economist who provided the basic idea of laissez-faire economics, as it applied to a free market system. Karl Marx, a German thinker and writer, was a socialist who advocated violent revolution and wrote The Communist Manifesto.

38. Section 4 Assessment-4 4.What did Marx believe would happen in a true communist economy? Checking for Understanding There would be no need for government.

39. Making It Relevant