1. CS212: Object Oriented Analysis and Design Lecture 6: Friends, Constructor and destructors

2. Recap of Lecture 5 Scope of class members Nesting member function Class members and arrays Static class members

3. Today’s objective Friendly classes and function Constructors Default Argument Destructors

4. Friend function A friend function of a class is defined outside that class' scope but it has the right to access all private and protected members of the class. Even though the prototypes for friend functions appear in the class definition, friends are not member functions. A friend can be a function, function template, or member function, or a class or class template

5. Properties of friend functions Friend of the class can be member of some other class. Friend of one class can be friend of another class or all the classes in one program: GLOBAL FRIEND. Can access the private or protected members of the class in which they are declared to be friend, but they can use the members for a specific object Do not get “this” pointer. Can be friend of more than one class, hence they can be used for message passing between the classes. Can be declared anywhere (in public, protected or private section) in the class.

6. When to use friend function Three different circumstances where friend functions are useful Operator overloading - for certain types of operators Creation of I/O operations Multiple classes share common functionality

7. Friend Class Friendship may allow a class to be better encapsulated by granting per-class access to parts of its API that would otherwise have to be public. This increased encapsulation comes at the cost of tighter coupling between classes Friendships are not symmetric Friendships are not transitive Friendships are not inherited Access due to friendship is inherited

8. Constructors void foo() { int n = 5; double z[10] = { 0.0 }; struct gizmo { int i, j; } w = { 3, 4 }; ····· } All of the variables are created at block entry when foo() is invoked. Uses a runtime system stack. The class needs a mechanism to specify object creation and destruction so that a client can use objects like native types.

9. Constructors It is a member function whose name is the same as the class name It creates objects of the class type It involves initializing data members Allocating storage from the heap by using new. The simplest use of a constructor is for initialization. Demonstration

10. Implicit Constructor An implicitly-declared default constructor is an inline public member of its class It performs the initialization operations that are needed by the implementation to create an object of this type. These operations do not involve initialization of user- declared data members or allocation of memory from the free store Demonstration

11. Parameterized Constructors It may be necessary to initialize different member variables with different values To achieve this we can pass arguments to a constructor The constructor that can take arguments are called parameterized constructors Implicit and Explicit calling of parameterized constructors Demonstration

12. Multiple Constructors in a Class There can be multiple constructors in a class Each function has its own significance In some cases it is necessary to have both parameterized and default constructors Avoid Reduplicating Identical Pieces Of Constructors' Code

13. Efficient constructor design class string { private: char * pc; size_t capacity; size_t length; enum { DEFAULT_SIZE = 32}; public: string(const char * s); string(size_t initial_capacity ); string(); //... };

14. Efficient … (contd.) class string { private: char * pc; size_t capacity; size_t length; enum { DEFAULT_SIZE = 32}; // following function is called by every constructor void init( size_t cap = DEFAULT_SIZE); public: string(const char * s); string(size_t initial_capacity ); string(); //...other member functions }; void string::init( size_t cap) { pc = new char[cap]; capacity = cap; }

15. Efficient … (contd.) string::string(const char * s) { size_t size = strlen (s); init(size + 1); length = size; strcpy(pc, s); } string::string(size_t initial_capacity ) { init(initial_capacity); length=0; } string::string() { init(); length = 0; }

16. Default Argument class Fraction { private: int m_nNumerator; int m_nDenominator; public: // Default constructor Fraction(int nNumerator=0, int nDenominator=1) { m_nNumerator = nNumerator; m_nDenominator = nDenominator; } int GetNumerator() { return m_nNumerator; } int GetDenominator() { return m_nDenominator; } };

17. A special case Applicable to constructor with exactly one parameter Implicit type conversion Demonstration

18. Is A Default Constructor Always Necessary? The existence of a user-defined constructor blocks the synthesis of an implicitly-declared default constructor. A class with no default constructor limits its users to a narrower set of allowed uses. Demonstration

19. Constant Object Class objects can be made constant using the const keyword Constant variables must be initialized at time of creation In the case of classes, this initialization is done via constructors Once initialized via constructor, any attempt to modify the member variables of the object is disallowed It would violate the const(ant)-ness of the object

20. Constant object Changing member variables directly (if they are public) is not allowed Calling member functions that sets the value of member variables is not allowed const class objects can only call const member functions

21. Trivial Constructors Compilers synthesize a default constructor for every class unless a constructor was already defined by the user Such a synthesized constructor is redundant A constructor is considered trivial when all the following hold true: Its class has no virtual member functions and no virtual base classes. All the direct base classes of the constructor's class have trivial constructors. All the member objects in the constructor's class have trivial constructors.

22. Destructors It is a member function whose name is the class name preceded by the tilde ~ character A destructor’s usual purpose is finalizing or destroying objects of the class type. Finalizing objects involves retrieving resources allocated to the object. Requires using delete to deallocate store assigned to the object. They can not be overloaded or take arguments

23. When constructor and destructors are called An object's constructor is called when the object comes into existence An object's destructor is called when the object is destroyed For a local object: constructor  object's declaration, destructor  reverse order of constructor For a global object: constructor  before main(),, in order of their declaration, within the same file destructor  reverse order of constructor, after main() has terminated

24. Thank you Next Lecture: Arrays, Pointers and Dynamic Allocation