1. CHEP 2006 D. Elvira, M. Stavrianakou, FNAL 1 The CMS Object-Oriented Simulation V. Daniel Elvira and Maya Stavrianakou, FNAL On behalf of the CMS collaboration CHEP 2006 Outline n Overview n Interfaces and services n CMS detector simulation and validation n Parameterized simulations n Production n Summary and outlook H->eeμμ at 300 GeV Luminosity 10 34

2. CHEP 2006 D. Elvira, M. Stavrianakou, FNAL 2 Detector Simulation GenerationDigitization Pool HepMC data file Pool SimHit data file Pool Digi data file Reconstruction Generation – MC truth information from particle gun or physics generator about vertices and particles. Stored in HepMC format. Detector Simulation – Hit objects with timing, position, energy loss information. Based on the Geant4 tool kit. Digitization – Constructs Digi objects which include realistic modeling of electronic signal. Reconstruction – Physics Objects: vertices, photons, e, , jets,…… Simulation Software in CMS

3. CHEP 2006 D. Elvira, M. Stavrianakou, FNAL 3 Simulation Tools and the Framework  Geant4  physics processes describing electro-magnetic and hadronic interactions  tools for detector geometry and sensitive element response  interfaces for tuning and monitoring particle tracking  CMS framework  Manages application control, incl. module scheduling, action-on-demand where indicated, non-event data handling, data persistency, I/O,…  Interfaces to common services and tools such as magnetic field, generators, MC truth handling, infrastructure for hits, event mixing, digitization,…  Ensures provenance tracking and event immutability

4. CHEP 2006 D. Elvira, M. Stavrianakou, FNAL 4 Simulation Tools and Framework cont’d  CMS switched from GEANT3 to GEAN4-based simulation end 2003  So far the CMS OSCAR simulation package has delivered ~100 M physics events for CMS 2004 Data Challenge and on-going Physics TDR studies  OSCAR is being adiabatically replaced by a new suite (referred to as here as SimG4), based on the new Event Data Model Software Framework  CPU: SimG4  1.5 x SimG3 - with lower production cuts!  Memory: ~110 MB/evt for pp in SimG4 vs. ~100 MB in SimG3  Robustness: from ~1/10 4 crashes in pp events (mostly in hadronic physics) in DC04 to < 1/10 6 crashes in latest productions

5. CHEP 2006 D. Elvira, M. Stavrianakou, FNAL 5 Interfaces and services (I) n Application control using customized Event Data Producer module and RunManager interfacing Geant4 to the CMS Event Data Model Framework; persistency, I/O etc as provided by the Framework n Geometry provided by the Framework EventSetup, using the Detector Description package to convert the XML input files n Sensitive detector construction with configurable registration of sensitive elements n Hit collection and formatting, event mixing, and digitization based on common SimDataFormats classes and services

6. CHEP 2006 D. Elvira, M. Stavrianakou, FNAL 6 Interfaces and services (II) n Magnetic field provided by the Framework EventSetup with configurable field selection, propagation tuning and optional user-defined local field managers n Physics with configurable physics lists and production cuts, cross section table storage and retrieval options n User actions for application monitoring and tuning, based on dispatcher-observer pattern (using BOOST signal library) for observable entity (run, event, track, step etc)

7. CHEP 2006 D. Elvira, M. Stavrianakou, FNAL 7 Interfaces and services (III) n Event generation and Monte Carlo truth u Choice of specific generator (Pythia, Herwig, gun etc) and event format (ASCII, Pool, etc) run-time configurable u HepMC::GenEvent converted to G4Event u Navigable Monte Carlo truth record with decay/interaction history for all generated as well as selected simulated particles

8. CHEP 2006 D. Elvira, M. Stavrianakou, FNAL 8 22 m long & 15 m in diameter Solenoid Magnet: 4 Tesla Field Electromagnetic Calorimeter (Ecal) Hadronic Calorimeter (Hcal) Silicon Tracker Muon System More than 1 Million Geometrical volumes SVS modular structure follows the detector sub-systems The CMS Detector

9. CHEP 2006 D. Elvira, M. Stavrianakou, FNAL 9 Magnetic Field Field Map - TOSCA calculation Designed to optimize simulation and reconstruction Based on dedicated geometry of “magnetic volumes” Decouple volume finding and interpolation within a volume Time spent in magnetic field query (P4 2.8 GHz) for 10 minimum bias events 13.0 vs 23.6 s for new field ~1.8-2 times faster than FORTRAN/G3

10. CHEP 2006 D. Elvira, M. Stavrianakou, FNAL 10 Tracker Key role in the development and optimization of simulation infrastructure and validation Tracker material budget - estimated with detailed description of all active and passive components - directly affects e/m calorimeter physics; places stringent requirements on detector description and geometry construction accuracy Correct, navigable Monte Carlo truth, for correct decay tree reconstruction and proper treatment of hard electron bremmsstrahlung - crucial for B-t studies Tracker performance extensively validated in terms of tracking and hit distributions for single particles, minimum bias, and physics events tracker geometry, hits and tracks (green - electrons)

11. CHEP 2006 D. Elvira, M. Stavrianakou, FNAL 11 Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) G4/test-beam comparisons  excellent representation of electromagnetic showers by G4 Overall ECAL performance, in terms of energy and position resolution dominated by effects not included in shower simulation (electronics noise, photostatistics, longitudinal uniformity of light collection and crystal inter- calibration)  only gross errors are identified by energy and position resolution comparisons Largest sensitivity to changes in radiation and showering in tracker material, but not trivial in to validate in test beam Tracks and energy deposition in ECAL

12. CHEP 2006 D. Elvira, M. Stavrianakou, FNAL 12 Hadronic Calorimeter (HCAL) HCAL studies on energy resolution and linearity, e/  ratio, and shower profile instrumental in G4 hadronic physics validation Comparisons between single particle measurements in test beam: 2002-2004, different HCAL modules, preceded by ECAL prototype, to beams of , e and  over large energy range - G4 hadronic physics parametric (LHEP) and microscopic (QGSP) models  energy resolution and response linearity as a function of incident energy in good agreement with the data within the large systematic uncertainties in the latter Transverse and longitudinal shower profiles studied in 1996 and 2004 test beam  showers predicted by G4 narrower than those by G3 Showers predicted by QGSP (v 2.7) shorter than those by LHEP (v 3.6) list, with LHEP predictions closer to those from G3/Geisha test beam 2004 results

13. CHEP 2006 D. Elvira, M. Stavrianakou, FNAL 13 Muons G3/G4 comparisons for single  10 GeV-10 TeV: good agreement for ionization but  brem, e+e− production, and in particular,  - nuclear significantly different, due to newer theoretical developments included in G4 Multiple scattering significantly smaller in G4, in agreement with experimental results G4 results also show improvement wrt precision of  propagation in detector Test beam setup: two chambers with and without iron slab between, to investigate effect of  showers in passive material; analysis:  with P T 50-300 GeV G4 slightly underestimates soft  -ray production in cell volumes, while hard  - rays and e/m showers are correctly modeled; despite this, local track reconstruction efficiency and resolution well reproduced by simulation H  ZZ  4 , M H =150 GeV

14. CHEP 2006 D. Elvira, M. Stavrianakou, FNAL 14 Forward Detectors Forward detectors, CASTOR and ZDC calorimeters, Totem telescopes: essential for diffractive and heavy ion programs. ZDC: Cerenkov detector designed to collect any remaining neutral fragments of the colliding nuclei - may be used as a measure of collision centrality Simulation underway to study energy resolution and leakage to be compared with Nov 2005 test beam data 3D view of CASTOR ZDC: Zero Degree Calorimeter at 140 m Castor Calorimeter at 14.37 m (5.3 <h< 6.7) Totem Telescopes at 7.5 m < z < 13.5

15. CHEP 2006 D. Elvira, M. Stavrianakou, FNAL 15 Parameterized Simulation (I) n detailed simulation of e/m showers CPU intensive Þ parameterization of spatial energy distribution of e/m shower, based on probability density functions, allows speed up without compromising simulation accuracy n GFlash model (G. Grindhammer, S. Peters), based on three probability density functions (originally developed and used by H1) used to parameterize electrons and positrons in CMS barrel and endcap e/m calorimeter comparisons between GFlash-based and full simulation n energy depositions in central crystal, 3x3, 5x5 matrices: agreement to ~1% n transverse and longitudinal shower profiles: agreement to ~1-3% n speed increases by factors 3-10 depending on event type, particle energy and detector region examples n single e or  with E=100 GeV in ECAL barrel: factor ~10 speed-up n large extra dimensions full signal event, with single  > 1000 GeV: factor ~4

16. CHEP 2006 D. Elvira, M. Stavrianakou, FNAL 16 Parameterized Simulation (II) Energy deposition in a 5x5 crystal matrix for 50 GeV electrons Histograms = full geant4 simulation Red markers = shower parameterization Transverse shower profile for 50 GeV  Longitudinal shower profile for 50 GeV 

17. CHEP 2006 D. Elvira, M. Stavrianakou, FNAL 17 Production n 11/2003 - 10/2005: ~100 M physics events simulated by production team n Failure rate: ~1/10 4 - 10 6 events n Performance for typical signal event: n ~250 MB memory n ~100-200K Si2K (*) CPU n ~1 MB output data n CMS Computing Model: same amount of simulated as real data, ~1.5 x 10 9 events/year  mix of full and fast simulation will be used to manage required resources (*) typical 3 GHz CPU is ~1.7 K Si2K, so 200K Si2K is 2 minutes on such a CPU; Si2K ratings scale more or less linearly with CPU speed

18. CHEP 2006 D. Elvira, M. Stavrianakou, FNAL 18 Summary and Outlook SUSY (leptons, missing E T ) visualization with IGUANACMS In CMS, the Geant4-based OO simulation has successfully replaced its Fortran/Geant3 predecessor. It has been validated and adopted by all CMS detector and physics groups. It has proven robust and performant, easily extensible and configurable. It has also proven modular and portable to a different software framework without loss of functionality or usability. New features, extending functionality, such as exotics simulation, or improving performance, such as hadron shower parameterization, envisaged for 2006, can be added without disrupting standard operation/ performance. Black Hole Event Model of Landsberg and Dimopoulos Planck scale = 1 TeV Number of extra dimensions = 2

19. CHEP 2006 D. Elvira, M. Stavrianakou, FNAL 19 Heavy Ion Simulation G3: event in slices of 100 tracks run separately(ZEBRA limitations) - G4: run full HI events 55K generated particles, with 97K tracks from 80K vertices… Event in slices of 100 particles G3 230 min G4 180 min Full event G4 210 min (P4 3.2 GHz ) hits in tracker and ECAL by particles from central Pb+Pb collision at 5.5 TeV/nucleon