1. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. A Living Language Medical Terminology Chapter 5 Cardiovascular System

2. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular System at a Glance Functions of Cardiovascular (CV) System Distribute blood to all areas of body Delivery of needed substances to cells Removal of wastes

3. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular System at a Glance Organs of Cardiovascular System Heart Arteries Capillaries Veins

4. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

5. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Combining Forms angi/ovessel aort/oaorta arteri/oartery ather/ofatty substance atri/oatrium cardi/oheart

6. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Combining Forms coron/oheart hemangi/oblood vessel phleb/ovein sphygm/opulse steth/ochest thromb/oclot

7. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Combining Forms valv/ovalve valvul/ovalve vascul/oblood vessel vas/ovessel, duct ven/ovein ventricul/oventricle

8. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular System Suffixes –manometerinstrument to measure pressure –olesmall –tensionpressure –ulesmall

9. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy and Physiology Also called circulatory system Maintains distribution of blood throughout body Delivers oxygen and nutrients like glucose and amino acids to cells Picks up carbon dioxide and other waste products from cells and delivers to lungs, liver, and kidneys for elimination

10. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy and Physiology Is composed of: Heart Blood vessels Arteries Capillaries Veins Divided into pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

11. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Systemic Circulation Between heart and cells of body Carries oxygenated blood away from left side of heart to body Carries deoxygenated blood from body to right side of heart

12. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Pulmonary Circulation Between heart and lungs Carries deoxygenated blood away from right side of heart to lungs Carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left side of heart

13. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.1 – A schematic of the circulatory system illustrating the pulmonary circulation picking up oxygen from the lungs and the systemic circulation delivering oxygen to the body.

14. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Muscular pump Made up of cardiac muscle fibers Could be called a muscle instead of an organ Beats an average of 60 – 100 beats per minute (bpm), or about 100,000 times a day Each time the muscle contracts: Blood is ejected from heart Pushed throughout body within blood vessels

15. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Located in the mediastinum More to left side of chest Directly behind sternum About size of a fist Shaped like upside-down pear Tip of heart at lower edge Called the apex

16. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Layers EndocardiumMyocardiumEpicardium Inner layer Lines heart chambers Smooth, thin layer that reduces friction as the blood passes through heart chambers Middle layer Thick muscle Contraction of this layer develops the pressure required to pump blood through blood vessels Outer layer Forms the visceral layer of pericardial sac Fluid between layers of pericardial sac reduces friction as heart beats

17. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.3 – Internal view of the heart illustrating the heart chambers, heart layers, and major blood vessels associated with the heart.

18. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Chambers Divided into four chambers Two atria Two ventricles Heart is divided into right and left sides by a wall called the septum

19. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Atria Left and right upper chambers Receiving chambers Blood returns to atria in veins Superior and inferior vena cava Pulmonary veins

20. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Ventricles Left and right lower chambers Pumping chambers Thick myocardium Blood exits ventricles into arteries Aorta Pulmonary artery

21. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.4 – Internal view of heart specimen illustrating heart chambers, septum, and heart valves.

22. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Four valves in heart Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic Act as restraining gates to control direction of blood flow Found at entrance and exit to ventricles Allow blood to flow only in forward direction by blocking it from returning to previous chamber Heart Valves

23. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Tricuspid Valve An atrioventricular valve Between right atrium and ventricle Prevents blood in ventricle from flowing back into atrium Has 3 leaflets or cusps

24. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Pulmonary Valve A semilunar valve Between right ventricle and pulmonary artery Prevents blood in artery from flowing back into ventricle Semilunar – valve looks like half moon

25. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Mitral Valve An atrioventricular valve Between left atrium and ventricle Prevents blood in ventricle from flowing back into atrium Also called bicuspid valve - has two cusps

26. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Aortic Valve A semilunar valve Between left ventricle and aorta Prevents blood in aorta from flowing back into ventricle

27. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.5 – Superior view of heart valves illustrating position, size, and shape of each valve.

28. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 1.Deoxygenated blood from body enters relaxed right atrium via two large veins called: Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava

29. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 2.Right atrium contracts Blood flows through tricuspid valve into relaxed right ventricle

30. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 3.Right ventricle contracts Blood is pumped through pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery Carries blood to lungs

31. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 4.Relaxed left atrium receives blood that has been oxygenated by lungs Blood enters left atrium from the four pulmonary veins

32. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 5.Left atrium contracts Blood flows through mitral valve into relaxed left ventricle

33. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 6.Left ventricle contracts Blood is pumped through the aortic valve and into aorta Largest artery in the body Carries blood to all parts of body

34. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.6 – The path of blood flow through the chambers of the left and right side of the heart.

35. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Systole and Diastole Heart chambers alternate between: Relaxing to fill Contracting to push blood forward Relaxation phase is diastole Contraction phase is systole

36. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Conduction System of the Heart Autonomic nervous system controls heart rate Therefore, no voluntary control over heart Special heart tissue conducts electrical impulses Stimulate different chambers to contract in correct order

37. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Path of the Conduction System 1.Sinoatrial (SA) node, or pacemaker, is where electrical impulse begins From SA node a wave of electricity travels through atria Causing them to contract, or go into systole

38. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Path of the Conduction System 2.Next, atrioventricular node (AV) is stimulated 3.This node transfers stimulation wave to bundle of His

39. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Path of the Conduction System 4.Electrical wave travels down bundle branches within interventricular septum 5.Finally, Purkinje fibers in ventricular myocardium are stimulated Results in ventricular systole

40. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.7 – The conduction system of the heart.

41. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.8 – An electrocardiogram (EKG) wave.

42. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Blood Vessels Pipes that circulate blood through body Three types: Arteries Capillaries Veins Lumen is the channel within blood vessels

43. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Arteries Large thick-walled vessels Wall contains smooth muscle and can dilate or constrict As arteries travel through body they branch into progressively smaller vessels called arterioles

44. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.9 – Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins.

45. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Arteries Carry blood away from heart Towards either lungs or cells and tissues of body Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to lungs Aorta carries oxygenated blood to body Coronary arteries supply myocardium

46. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.10 – The coronary arteries.

47. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.11 – The major arteries of the body.

48. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Capillaries Network of tiny, thin-walled blood vessels called a capillary bed Connecting unit between arteries and veins Arterial blood flows into capillary bed Venous blood flows out of capillary bed Location for: Oxygen and nutrients to diffuse out Carbon dioxide and wastes to diffuse in

49. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.9 – Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins.

50. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Veins Much thinner walls than arteries Much lower pressure system than in arteries Have valves to insure blood flows only towards heart Squeezing by skeletal muscles also assists blood return to heart Smallest veins are called venules

51. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.9 – Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins.

52. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Veins Carry blood towards the heart From either the lungs or the cells and tissues of body Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from lungs Superior and inferior vena cava carry deoxygenated blood from body

53. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.12 – The major veins of the body.

54. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Blood Pressure Measurement of force exerted by blood against walls of a vessel May be affected by several characteristics of blood and blood vessels Elasticity of arteries Diameter of blood vessels Viscosity of blood Volume of blood Amount of resistance to blood flow

55. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Blood Pressure During ventricular systole Blood is under great pressure Gives highest pressure—systolic Top number of blood pressure reading During ventricular diastole Blood isn’t being pushed from heart at all Blood pressure drops to lowest point—diastolic Bottom number of blood pressure reading

56. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with angi/o –gramangiogramrecord of a vessel –itisangiitisinflammation of a vessel –plastyangioplastysurgical repair of vessel –spasmangiospasm involuntary muscle contraction in a vessel –stenosisangiostenosisnarrowing of a vessel

57. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with aort/o & arteri/o –alarterialpertaining to an artery –olearteriolesmall artery –rrhexisarteriorrhexisruptured artery –icaorticpertaining to the aorta

58. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with ather/o & atri/o –alatrialpertaining to the atrium inter– –alinteratrial pertaining to between the atrium –ectomyatherectomy surgical removal of fatty substance –omaatheroma fatty substance tumor/growth

59. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with cardi/o –accardiacpertaining to the heart brady– –iabradycardiastate of slow heart electr/o –gram electrocardiogram record of heart’s electricity –megalycardiomegalyenlarged heart my/o –almyocardial pertaining to heart muscle –ologistcardiologistheart specialist –rrhexiscardiorrhexisruptured heart tachy– –iatachycardiastate of fast heart

60. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with coron/o, phleb/o, and vascul/o –arvascular pertaining to a blood vessel –arycoronarypertaining to the heart –itisphlebitisinflammation of a vein

61. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with valv/o & valvul/o –itisvalvulitisinflammation of a valve –arvalvularpertaining to a valve –plastyvalvoplastysurgical repair of valve

62. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with ven/o & ventricul/o –arventricularpertaining to ventricles inter– –arinterventricular pertaining to between ventricles –ousvenouspertaining to veins –ulevenulesmall vein –gramvenogramrecord of a vein

63. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Vocabulary auscultation listening to sounds within body using a stethoscope cardiology branch of medicine for diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease; physician is a cardiologist catheter flexible tube inserted in body to move fluids into or out of body; may be used to place dye into a vein to view blood vessels

64. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Vocabulary infarct area of necrotic tissue due to loss of blood supply ischemia local and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to a circulatory obstruction murmur abnormal heart sound such as soft blowing sound or a harsh click; also called a bruit orthostatic hypotension sudden drop in blood pressure when standing up suddenly

65. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Vocabulary palpitationspounding, racing heartbeats plaque yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery; hallmark of atherosclerosis regurgitation to flow backwards; in CV system refers to backflow of blood through a valve

66. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Vocabulary sphygmomanometer blood pressure cuff; measures blood pressure stent stainless steel tube placed within blood vessel to widen the lumen stethoscope instrument for listening to body sounds

67. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Pathology angina pectoris severe pain and sensation of constriction around heart; caused by myocardial ischemia arrhythmia irregularity in heartbeat; some are mild and others are life threatening bundle branch block (BBB) electrical impulse is blocked from traveling down bundle branches; results in ventricles beating at different rate than atria; also called heart block

68. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Pathology cardiac arrestcomplete stopping of heart activity cardiomyopathy myocardial disease; may be caused by viral infection, congestive heart failure, or alcoholism; common reason for heart transplant congenital septal defect (CSD) hole, present at birth, in heart septum; allows mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

69. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Pathology congestive heart failure (CHF) left ventricle muscle is too weak to efficiently pump blood; results in weakness, breathlessness, & edema coronary artery disease (CAD) poor blood supply to heart muscle due to obstruction of coronary arteries; may cause angina pectoris and heart attack endocarditis inflammation of lining membranes of heart; if cause is bacterial may have a bacterial colony form, called vegetation

70. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Pathology fibrillation extremely serious arrhythmia characterized by quivering of heart fibers; cardiac arrest and death can occur flutter arrhythmia in which atria beat too rapidly, but in a regular pattern heart valve prolapse cusps are too loose and fail to shut tightly; allowing regurgitation heart valve stenosis cusps are too stiff; unable to shut tightly; allowing regurgitation

71. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Pathology myocardial infarction (MI) occlusion of coronary artery; results in a myocardial infarct; a heart attack myocarditisinflammation of heart muscle layer pericarditisinflammation of pericardial sac tetralogy of Fallot combination of four congenital anomalies; pulmonary stenosis, interventricular septal defect, improper placement of aorta, hypertrophy of right ventricle; requires immediate surgery

72. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Blood Vessel Pathology aneurysm weakness and ballooning of arterial wall; commonly seen in abdominal and cerebral arteries arteriosclerosis hardening & loss of elasticity of arterial walls; often due to atherosclerosis atherosclerosis most common form of arteriosclerosis; lipid plaques form in arterial wall

73. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.18 – Development of an atherosclerotic plaque that progressively narrows the lumen of an artery to the point that a thrombus fully occludes the lumen.

74. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Blood Vessel Pathology coarctation of aorta (CoA) severe congenital narrowing of aorta embolus obstruction of blood vessel by blood clot that has broken off from a thrombus in another site hemorrhoidvaricose veins in anal region

75. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Blood Vessel Pathology hypertension (HTN) high blood pressure; essential or primary hypertension is due to CV disease; secondary hypertension results from another disease hypotension decrease in blood pressure; may be due to shock or anemia patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) congenital heart anomaly where fetal connection between pulmonary artery and aorta fails to close at birth

76. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Blood Vessel Pathology thrombophlebitis inflammation of vein resulting in blood clots within a vein thrombus blood clot within a blood vessel; may partially or completely occlude blood vessel varicose veins swollen and distended veins; often in the legs

77. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Clinical Laboratory Tests cardiac enzymes blood test determines level of enzymes specific to heart muscle in blood; an increase may indicate heart muscle damage such as a myocardial infarction serum lipoprotein level blood test measures amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in blood; indicator of atherosclerosis risk

78. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Diagnostic Imaging angiography X-rays taken after injection of opaque dye into blood vessel cardiac scan nuclear medicine scan using radioactive thallium; especially useful in determining myocardial damage

79. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Diagnostic Imaging Doppler ultrasonography using ultrasound to produce an image of blood flowing through blood vessels in order to determine velocity; indicates blood clots or deep vein thromboses echocardiography use of ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures; especially valves venography X-ray of veins; used to identify a thrombus

80. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiac Function Tests cardiac catheterization catheter is threaded through blood vessel to heart; detects abnormalities, collects cardiac blood samples, and determines blood pressure inside heart electrocardiography (ECG, EKG) process of recording electrical activity of heart; able to diagnose arrhythmias and myocardial damage

81. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiac Function Tests Holter monitor portable ECG monitor worn by patient up to a few days to assess heart activity as person goes through daily activities stress testing evaluates cardiovascular fitness; patient exercises on treadmill or bicycle with a steadily increasing work load; EKC and oxygen levels are monitored throughout the test

82. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Procedures cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) procedure to restore cardiac output and oxygenate air for person in cardiac arrest; uses chest compressions and artificial respiration defibrillation procedure that converts irregular heartbeats, such as fibrillation, using an electric shock extracorporeal circulation (ECC) routing blood to a heart-lung machine during a surgical procedure

83. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Procedures implantable cardioverter- defibrillator device implanted into the heart to deliver an electric shock to restore normal heart rhythm; especially helpful for ventricular fibrillation pacemaker implantation device implanted into the heart to substitute for the natural pacemaker; especially helpful for bradycardia

84. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Pharmacology ACE inhibitor drugs produce vasodilation to decrease blood pressure Lotensin, Capoten antiarrhythmic reduces or prevents cardiac arrhythmias Tambocor, Corvert anticoagulant prevents blood clot formation Warfarin, Coumadin antilipidemic reduces blood cholesterol level Lipitor, Zocor

85. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Pharmacology Beta- blocker lowers heart rate to treat hypertension and angina pectoris Lopressor, Inderal Calcium channel blocker decreases force of heart beat to treat hypertension, angina pectoris, and congestive heart failure Cardizem, Procardia cardiotonic increases force of heart contraction to treat congestive heart failure Lanoxin

86. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Pharmacology diuretic increases urine production to reduce plasma volume to lower blood pressure Lasix thrombolytic dissolves existing blood clot Plavix, Activase

87. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Pharmacology vasoconstrictor contracts smooth muscle in wall of blood vessel to raise blood pressure Aramine vasodilator relaxes smooth muscle in wall of blood vessel to reduce blood pressure and increase blood flow to ischemic area Nitro-Dur, Vasodilan