1. DAVID DENG CS157B MARCH 23, 2010 Dependency Preserving Decomposition

2. Intro Decomposition help us eliminate redundancy, root of data anomalies. Decomposition should be:  1. Lossless  2. Dependency Preserving

3. What’s Dependency Preservation? When the decomposition of a relational scheme preserved the associated set of functional dependencies. Formal Definition: If R is decomposed into R1, R2,…, Rn, then {F1  F2  …  Fn} + = F +

4. Algorithm to check for Dependency Preservation begin; for each X  Y in F and with R (R1, R2, …, Rn) { let Z = X; while there are changes in Z { from i=1 to n Z = Z  ((Z  Ri) +  Ri) w.r.t to F; } if Y is a proper subset of Z, current fd is preserved else decomposition is not dependency preserving; } this is a dependency preserving decomposition; end;

5. Explain Algorithm Part 1 1. Choose a functional dependency in set F, say you choose X  Y. 2. Let set Z to the “left hand side” of the functional dependency, X such Z = X Starting with R1 in the decomposed set {R1, R2,…Rn) 3. Intersect Z with R1, Z  R1 4. Find the closure of the result from step 3 (Z  R1) using original set F 5. Intersect the result from step 4 ((Z  R1) + ) with R1 again.

6. Explain Algorithm Part 2 6. Updated Z with new attribute in the result from step 5. 7. Repeat step 3-6 from R2, R3, …, Rn. 8. If there’s any changes between original Z before step 3 and after step 7, repeat step 3-7. 9. Check whether Y is a proper subset of current Z. If it is not, this decomposition is a violation of dependency preservation. You can stop now. 10. If Y is a proper subset of current Z, repeat 1-9 until you check ALL functional dependencies in set F.

7. Another look at Algorithm Test each X  Y in F for dependency preservation result = X while (changes to result) do for each Ri in decomposition t = (result  Ri)+  Ri result = result  t if Y  result, return true; else, return false; [Note: If any false is returned for algorithm, whole decomposition is not dependency preserving.]

8. Let’s walk through an example of using this algorithm.

9. Example using Algorithm Given the following: R(A,B,C,D,E) F = {AB  C, C  E, B  D, E  A} R1(B,C,D)R2(A,C,E) Is this decomposition dependency preserving?

10. Example R(A,B,C,D,E)F = {AB  C, C  E, B  D, E  A} Decomposition:R1(B,C,D)R2(A,C,E) Z=AB For Z  R1 = AB  BCD = B {B} + = BD {B} +  R1 = BD  BCD = BD Update Z = AB  BD = ABD, continue

11. Example R(A,B,C,D,E)F = {AB  C, C  E, B  D, E  A} Decomposition:R1(B,C,D)R2(A,C,E) Z=ABD For Z  R2 = ABD  ACE = A {A} + = A {A} +  R2 = A  ACE = A Update Z, Z is still ABD Since Z changed, repeat checking R1 to R2.

12. Example R(A,B,C,D,E)F = {AB  C, C  E, B  D, E  A} Decomposition:R1(B,C,D)R2(A,C,E) Z=ABD For Z  R1 = ABD  BCD = BD {BD} + = BD {BD} +  R1 = BD  BCD = BD Update Z = ABD  BD = ABD, so Z hasn’t changed but you still have to continue.

13. Example R(A,B,C,D,E)F = {AB  C, C  E, B  D, E  A} Decomposition:R1(B,C,D)R2(A,C,E) Z=ABD and checking R2 was done 2 slides ago Z will still be ABD. Since Z hasn’t change, you can conclude AB  C is not preserved. Let’s practice with other functional dependencies.

14. Example R(A,B,C,D,E)F = {AB  C, C  E, B  D, E  A} Decomposition:R1(B,C,D)R2(A,C,E) Z=X=B For Z  R1 = B  BCD = B {B} + = BD {B} +  R1 = BD  BCD = BD Update Z = B  BD = BD Since Y=D is proper subset of BD, B  D is preserved.

15. Example R(A,B,C,D,E)F = {AB  C, C  E, B  D, E  A} Decomposition:R1(B,C,D)R2(A,C,E) Z=X=C For Z  R2 = C  ACE = C {C} + = CEA {C} +  R1 = CEA  ACE = ACE Update Z = C  ACE= ACE Since Y=E is proper subset of ACE, C  E is preserved.

16. Example R(A,B,C,D,E)F = {AB  C, C  E, B  D, E  A} Decomposition:R1(B,C,D)R2(A,C,E) Z=X=E For Z  R1 = E  ACE = E {E} + = EA {E} +  R1 = EA  ACE = EA Update Z = E  EA= EA Since Y=A is proper subset of EA, E  A is preserved.

17. Example R(A,B,C,D,E)F = {AB  C, C  E, B  D, E  A} Decomposition:R1(B,C,D)R2(A,C,E) Shortcut: For any functional dependency, if both LHS and RHS collectively are within any of the sub scheme Ri. Then this functional dependency is preserved.

18. Exercise #1 Let R{A,B,C,D} and F={A  B, B  C, C  D, D  A} Let’s decomposed R into R1 = AB, R2 = BC, and R3 = CD Is this a dependency preserving decomposition?

19. Answer to Exercise #1 Yes it is. You can immediately see that A  B, B  C, C  D are preserved for R1, R2, R3 The key is to check whether D  A is preserved. Let’s walk through the algorithm. R{A,B,C,D} F={A  B, B  C, C  D, D  A} Decomposition: R1 = AB, R2 = BC, and R3 = CD

20. Answer to Exercise #1 Z = X = D For Z  R1 = D  AB = empty set For Z  R2 = D  BC = empty set For Z  R3 = D  CD = D Find {D} + = DABC Find {D} +  R3 = DABC  CD = CD Update Z to CD. Since Z changed, repeat. R{A,B,C,D} F={A  B, B  C, C  D, D  A} Decomposition: R1 = AB, R2 = BC, and R3 = CD

21. Answer to Exercise #1 Z = CD For Z  R1 = CD  AB = empty set For Z  R2 = CD  BC = C Find {C} + = CDAB Find {C} +  R2 = CDAB  BC = BC Update Z = CD  BC = BCD R{A,B,C,D} F={A  B, B  C, C  D, D  A} Decomposition: R1 = AB, R2 = BC, and R3 = CD

22. Answer to Exercise #1 Z = BCD For Z  R3 = BCD  CD = CD Find {CD}+ = CDAB Find {CD}+  R3 = CDAB  CD = CD Update Z is still BCD. Since Z changed, repeat going trough R1 to R3. R{A,B,C,D} F={A  B, B  C, C  D, D  A} Decomposition: R1 = AB, R2 = BC, and R3 = CD

23. Answer to Exercise #1 Z = BCD For Z  R1 = BCD  AB = B Find {B} + = BCDA Find {B} +  R1 = BCDA  AB = AB Update Z = BCD  AB = ABCD. Since Y = A is a subset of ABCD, function D  A is preserved. R{A,B,C,D} F={A  B, B  C, C  D, D  A} Decomposition: R1 = AB, R2 = BC, and R3 = CD

24. Exercise #2 R{A,B,C,D,E) F={A  BD, B  E} Decomposition: R1{A,B,C}R2{A,D}R3{B,D,E} Is this a dependency preserving decomposition?

25. Answer to Exercise #2 Let’s start with A  BD: Z = A Z  R1 = A  ABC = A {A} + = ABDE {A} +  R1 = ABDE  ABC = AB Update Z = A  AB = AB R{A,B,C,D,E)F={A  BD, B  E} Decomposition: R1{A,B,C} R2{A,D}R3{B,D,E}

26. Answer to Exercise #2 Z = AB Z  R2 = A  AD = A {A} + = ABDE {A} +  R1 = ABDE  AD = AD Update Z = AB  AD = ABD Thus A  BD preserved R{A,B,C,D,E)F={A  BD, B  E} Decomposition: R1{A,B,C} R2{A,D}R3{B,D,E}

27. Answer to Exercise #2 Based on R3, B  E is preserved. Check B  E: Z = B Z  R1 = B  ABC = B {B} + = BE {B} +  R1 = BE  ABC = B Update Z = B still the same R{A,B,C,D,E)F={A  BD, B  E} Decomposition: R1{A,B,C} R2{A,D}R3{B,D,E}

28. Answer to Exercise #2 Z = B Z  R2 = B  AD = empty set Z  R3 = B  BDE = B {B} + = BE {B} +  R3 = BE  BDE = BE Update Z = B  BE = BE Thus B  E preserved R{A,B,C,D,E)F={A  BD, B  E} Decomposition: R1{A,B,C} R2{A,D}R3{B,D,E}

29. End Reference: Yu Hung Chen, “Decomposition”, http://www.cs.sjsu.edu/faculty/lee/cs157/Decomposition_Yu HungChen.ppt, SJSU (lol), 2005 http://www.cs.sjsu.edu/faculty/lee/cs157/Decomposition_Yu HungChen.ppt Gary D. Boetticher, “Preserving Dependencies”, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=olgwucI3thI, University of Houston Clear Lake, 2009 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=olgwucI3thI Dr. C. C. Chan, “Example of Dependency Preserving Decomposition”, http://www.cs.uakron.edu/~chan/cs475/Fall2000/Example Dp%20decomposition.htm, University of Akron, Fall 2000 http://www.cs.uakron.edu/~chan/cs475/Fall2000/Example Dp%20decomposition.htm Tang Nan, “Functional Dependency”, http://www.se.cuhk.edu.hk/~seg3550/2006/tutorial/t9.ppt http://www.se.cuhk.edu.hk/~seg3550/2006/tutorial/t9.ppt