1. 1

2. HAZARDS

3.  Wind shear  Turbulence  Icing  Lightning  Hail 3

4. WIND SHEAR TURBULENCE CAT BLOWOFF ROLL CLOUD WIND SHEAR TURBULENCE FIRST GUST TURBULENCE and WIND SHEAR

5. 5 5-10 mi ( 8-16 km) HEIGHT, (Ft) HEIGHT, (km)

6. GUST FRONT

7. DOWNBURST APPROACH PROFILE RUNWAY GUST FRONT

8. Cb STORM DIRECTION ROLL CLOUD Clear or possibly wind blown dust within turbulent air. Up to 10 miles. First gust, windshear turbulence, and rapid wind changes up to about 6000’ A.G. L. Up to 100 Kts 150 ft. A.G.L.

9. LIGHTNING STRIKE

10. Copyright Robert A. Prentice, 1992

11. 11 Low and Mid Level Moisture High Humidity

12.  Unstable  Heat rises  Moisture Condenses into clouds as air rises  Common with Low Pressure Systems  Stable  Air sinks  Commons with High Pressure Systems 12

14. 14 Warm /Cold FrontsThunderstorm Outflow Boundaries Lake Breezes

15.  Varying degrees of the 3 main elements will affect strength of thunderstorms  Additional ingredients that affect strength of thunderstorms include  Wind Shear  Location of Jet Streams  Large Scale Weather Pattern 15

16.  Cumulus  Mature  Dissipation 16

17.  Rising currents of air are referred to as an Updraft. When combined with sufficient moisture, towering cumulus clouds develop. 17

18. 18

19. 19 Copyright Charles A. Doswell, III

20. 20 Photo courtesy of Michael Bath Australiasevereweather.com

21. 21 Photo courtesy of Michael Bath Australiaweather.com

22. 22 Photo courtesy of Jimmy Deguara Australiasevereweather.com

23. Fair Weather Cumulus – Not Enough Instability or Lift to Generate Thunderstorms 23

24. 24 Photo courtesy of Jimmy Deguara Australiasevereweather.com

25. 25 Photo courtesy of Jimmy Deguara Australiasevereweather.com

26.  Moisture will condense out of the cloud causing rain, thunder, and lightning. This marks the Mature Stage of the thunderstorms when the updraft and downdraft co- exist together. 26

27. 27 Copyright Marty Feely, 1990

28.  The updraft will eventually overcome the downdraft, causing the thunderstorm to weaken. The thunderstorm is now in the Dissipation Stage. 28

29. 29

30. 30

31. 31

32. 32

33. 33

34. 34

35.  Single Cell  Multicell Cluster  Linear Multicel (Squall Line)  Supercell 35

36. 36 SINGLE CELL

37. 37 Multi Cell Cluster

38. 38 Copyright Alan R. Moller

39. 39

41. 41 Multi Cell Linear

42. DRY AIR INFLOW MOTION OF STORM GUST FRONT WARM AIR INFLOW COLDAIR OUTFLOW FAST-MOVING CELLS

43. 43 Multicell line: shelf cloud

44. 44

45. 45

46. SUPERCELL THUNDERSTORM SWNE PRECIPITATION-FREE BASE WALL CLOUD PRECIPITATION CLOUD BASE STRIATIONS SHELF CLOUD CUMULONIMBUS MAMMATUS CLOUD ANVIL OVERSHOOTING TOP FLANKING LINE

47. SOUTHWESTWESTNORTHWEST Super Cell

49. VERTICAL WIND SHEARS

51. 51 Supercells – upper level features

52. 52 Supercells – mid level features Main storm tower Flanking line

53. 53

54. 54

55. Elevated Thunderstorms Low Level Jet N S Stable Unstable

56.  Occur to the north of a surface warm front.  Most common type of thunderstorms from late fall through the winter.  Common at night during the spring and summer.  Biggest hazards are heavy rainfall and hail.  Strong wind gusts are usually infrequent due to the stable layer near the ground.  Typically occur in multi cell clusters.  Widespread flooding events are usually caused by these systems.

57.  National Convective Weather Forecast  Radar  CCFP (Collaborative Convective Forecast Product)  2, 4, 6 hour forecasts  Center Weather Advisories and Meteorological Impact Statements  Watch/Warning Map  Severe Weather Products  Mesoscale Discussions  Day 1, 2 and 3 convective outlooks 57

58. 58 THE END