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COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 1 COIT29222-Structured Programming Lecture Week 06  Reading: Study Guide Book 2, Modules 9 & 10 Textbook (4 th.

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Presentation on theme: "COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 1 COIT29222-Structured Programming Lecture Week 06  Reading: Study Guide Book 2, Modules 9 & 10 Textbook (4 th."— Presentation transcript:

1 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 1 COIT29222-Structured Programming Lecture Week 06  Reading: Study Guide Book 2, Modules 9 & 10 Textbook (4 th Ed.), Chapter 2 Textbook (6 th Ed.), Chapters 4 & 5  This week, we will cover the following topics:  More on Selection -switch statement -selection (ternary) operators  More on Loops -while vs. do-while -for vs. while -nested loops

2 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 2 Selection statements  We have been using one C++ selection statement – if-else.  In this class we explore other selection statements – statements that allow us to perform different tasks, depending on the input data.  switch statement  ternary operators

3 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 3 if-else – a review  Let’s start out by reviewing what we know about the if- else statement. if statement if (Age < 18) { cout << “A child!“ << endl; } if-else statement if (Age < 18) { cout << “A child!“ << endl; } else { cout << “An adult!“ << endl; }

4 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 4 if-else-if statement if (Age < 13) { cout << “A child!“ << endl; } else if ((Age >= 13 ) && (Age <= 17)) { cout << “A teenager!“ << endl; } else { cout << “An adult!“ << endl; }

5 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 5 Braces if (Age < 13) cout << “A child!“ << endl; else if ((Age >= 13 ) && (Age <= 17)) cout << “A teenager!“ << endl; else cout << “An adult!“ << endl;  Braces are not required if branch has only one statement.  We recommend you always use braces in this course.  Sometimes we omit them to fit our examples on a slide.

6 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 6 Nested if/else if (Gender == ‘M’) if (Age < 18) cout << “A male child!“ << endl; else cout << “A man!“ << endl; else if (Age < 18) cout << “A female child!“ << endl; else cout << “A woman!“ << endl;

7 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 7 Nested if/else if (Gender == ‘M’) if (Age < 18) cout << “A male child!“ << endl; else cout << “A man!“ << endl; else if (Gender == ‘F’) if (Age < 18) cout << “A female child!“ << endl; else cout << “A woman!“ << endl; else cout << “Unknown gender!“ << endl;

8 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 8 Other selection statements  Selection statements allow us to perform different tasks in our programs, depending on the input data.  The if-else statement is the only selection statement we need. However, most programming languages provide other selection statement for convenience.  In C++, the switch statement is an alternative to the if- else-if statement  For example, a menu-driven program might start like this...

9 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 9 Other selection statements Data Processing Application =========================== Select from the menu below: 1 – Load input data from disk 2 – Enter input data 3 – Save input data to disk 4 – Process input data 5 – Display output data 6 – Clear input data 0 – Exit Enter your selection ==> 2 : The main function of this program may include the following if-else-if statement...

10 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 10 int MenuSelection = 1; while (MenuSelection != 0) { DisplayMenuAndObtainSelection( MenuSelection ); if ( MenuSelection == 1 ) LoadInputDataFromDisk( InputData ); else if ( MenuSelection == 1 ) EnterInputData( InputData ); else if ( MenuSelection == 3 ) SaveInputDataToDisk( InputData ); else if ( MenuSelection == 4 ) ProcessInputData( InputData, OutputData ); else if ( MenuSelection == 5 ) DisplayOutputData( OutputData ); else if ( MenuSelection == 6 ) ClearInputData( InputData ); else if ( MenuSelection != 0 ) cout << ”Invalid menu selection!"; } Or, we can use a switch statement... functions

11 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 11 int MenuSelection = 1; while (MenuSelection != 0) { DisplayMenuAndObtainSelection( MenuSelection ); switch ( MenuSelection ) { case 1: LoadInputDataFromDisk( InputData ); break; case 2: EnterInputData( InputData ); break; case 3: SaveInputDataToDisk( InputData ); break; case 4: ProcessInputData( InputData, OutputData ); break; case 5: DisplayOutputData( OutputData ); break; case 6: ClearInputData( InputData ); break; case 0: break; default: cout << ”Unknown menu selection!"; } notes: a little easier to read than if-else-if

12 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 12 int MenuSelection = 1; while (MenuSelection != 0) { DisplayMenuAndObtainSelection( MenuSelection ); switch ( MenuSelection ) { case 1: LoadInputDataFromDisk( InputData ); break; case 2: EnterInputData( InputData ); break; case 3: SaveInputDataToDisk( InputData ); break; case 4: ProcessInputData( InputData, OutputData ); break; case 5: DisplayOutputData( OutputData ); break; case 6: ClearInputData( InputData ); break; case 0: break; default: cout << ”Unknown menu selection!"; } notes: on break jump to end of switch statement

13 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 13 int MenuSelection = 1; while (MenuSelection != 0) { DisplayMenuAndObtainSelection( MenuSelection ); switch ( MenuSelection ) { case 1: LoadInputDataFromDisk( InputData ); break; case 2: EnterInputData( InputData ); break; case 3: SaveInputDataToDisk( InputData ); break; case 4: ProcessInputData( InputData, OutputData ); break; case 5: DisplayOutputData( OutputData ); break; case 6: ClearInputData( InputData ); break; case 0: break; default: cout << ”Unknown menu selection!"; } notes: default handles cases not handled above

14 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 14 The switch statement  switch is a convenient replacement for simple if-else-if statements  However, switch can only be used when the selection depends on the value of a variable of type integer or char (characters are stored as an integer, using ASCII coding system) switch ( ) {...}

15 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 15 The switch statement or, more fully… switch ( ) { case : break; : : default: } notes: must be a variable of type integer or char

16 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 16 The switch statement or, more fully… switch ( ) { case : break; : : default: } notes: integer or char literal or constant – eg: 1, 'A', EXIT

17 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 17 The switch statement or, more fully… switch ( ) { case : break; : : default: } notes: don’t forget the colon

18 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 18 The switch statement or, more fully… switch ( ) { case : break; : : default: } notes: break; is optional

19 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 19 Optional break; ? switch ( CharMenuSelection ) { case 'a': case 'A': ProcessSelectionA; break; case 'b': case 'B': ProcessSelectionB; break; : }

20 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 20 Ternary operator  C++ also has a selection operator – an operator that selects between one of two expression, depending on the input data  operators are applied to expressions to produce values of interest: (FahrenheitTemp - 32) / 1.8  Like switch, the ternary operator is simply a convenience – the role it plays can be performed by if-else...

21 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 21 Ternary operator The following example outputs “Pass” or “Fail”, depending on value of Mark : cout = 50 ) ? "Pass" : "Fail "); syntax: (( ) ? : ) same as: if ( Mark >= 50 ) cout << "Pass"; else cout << "Fail"; if condition is True, expression 1 is evaluated; otherwise, expression 2 is evaluated

22 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 22 More on Loops  We have been using one C++ repetition (loop) statement – while while ( ) { } NbrTimesTold = 0; while (NbrTimesTold < NbrTimesToTell) { cout << “ No new taxes!“ << endl; NbrTimesTold = NbrTimesTold + 1; }

23 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 23 while – a Review  Common looping errors are:  loops that fail to stop (continue forever)  loops that stop one repetition too early  loops that perform one repetition too many  loops that fail to start  Normal while-loop structure is…

24 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 24 while – a Review while ( ) { } NbrTimesTold = 0; while (NbrTimesTold < NbrTimesToTell) { cout << “ No new taxes!“ << endl; NbrTimesTold = NbrTimesTold + 1; }

25 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 25 Activity Number = 5; while (Number > 0) { Sum = Sum + Number ; Number = Number - 1 ; } cout << “The sum is “ << Sum << endl;  What will the following code output?

26 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 26 Activity Feedback Number = 5; while (Number > 0) { Sum = Sum + Number ; Number = Number - 1 ; } cout << “The sum is “ << Sum << endl;  Output depends on initial value of Sum if Sum is zero at start: “The sum is 15” must always initialise a sum to zero!

27 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 27 Activity Sum = 0 ; while (Number > 0) { Sum = Sum + Number ; Number = Number - 1; } cout << “The sum is “ << Sum << endl;  What will the following code output?

28 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 28 Activity Feedback  Output depends on initial value of Number must initialise variables in while condition! Sum = 0 ; while (Number > 0) { Sum = Sum + Number ; Number = Number - 1; } cout << “The sum is “ << Sum << endl;

29 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 29 Activity Sum = 0 ; Number = 5; while (Number > 0) { Sum = Sum + Number ; Number++; } cout << “The sum is “ << Sum << endl;  What will the following code output?

30 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 30 Activity Feedback  Loop will never end – an infinite loop  This is a logic error! Always check loop conditions carefully. Sum = 0 ; Number = 5; while (Number > 0) { Sum = Sum + Number ; Number++; } cout << “The sum is “ << Sum << endl;

31 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 31 while vs do-while  The while statement tests a condition at the start of the loop  The do-while statement tests a condition at the end of the loop

32 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 32 while vs do-while  The while statement tests a condition at the start of the loop cout “; cin >> Char; while ((Char != ‘N’) && (Char != ‘S’) && (Char != ‘E’) && (Char != ‘W’)) { cout << “Invalid direction!” << endl; cout “; cin >> Char; }

33 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 33 do-while loops  If a task must be performed at least once, we can perform the test at the end of the loop using do-while do { cout “; cin >> Char; if ((Char != ‘N’) && (Char != ‘S’) && (Char != ‘E’) && (Char != ‘W’)) cout << “Invalid direction!” << endl; } while ((Char != ‘N’) && (Char != ‘S’) && (Char != ‘E’) && (Char != ‘W’));

34 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 34 Activity  What are advantages and disadvantages of this design (compared to using while)? do { cout “; cin >> Char; if ((Char != ‘N’) && (Char != ‘S’) && (Char != ‘E’) && (Char != ‘W’)) cout << “Invalid direction!” << endl; } while ((Char != ‘N’) && (Char != ‘S’) && (Char != ‘E’) && (Char != ‘W’)); Can you suggest an improvement?

35 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 35 Activity Feedback  One advantage of do-while is that there is only one copy of prompt and input lines cout “; cin >> Char; while ((Char != ‘N’) && (Char != ‘S’) && (Char != ‘E’) && (Char != ‘W’)) { cout << “Invalid direction!” << endl; cout “; cin >> Char; }

36 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 36 Activity Feedback  One advantage of do-while is that there is only one copy of prompt and input lines do { cout “; cin >> Char; if ((Char != ‘N’) && (Char != ‘S’) && (Char != ‘E’) && (Char != ‘W’)) cout << “Invalid direction!” << endl; } while ((Char != ‘N’) && (Char != ‘S’) && (Char != ‘E’) && (Char != ‘W’));

37 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 37 Activity Feedback  One disadvantage of do-while is that the loop condition appears twice do { cout “; cin >> Char; if ((Char != ‘N’) && (Char != ‘S’) && (Char != ‘E’) && (Char != ‘W’)) cout << “Invalid direction!” << endl; } while ((Char != ‘N’) && (Char != ‘S’) && (Char != ‘E’) && (Char != ‘W’));

38 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 38 Activity Feedback  One disadvantage of do-while is that the loop condition appears twice cout “; cin >> Char; while ((Char != ‘N’) && (Char != ‘S’) && (Char != ‘E’) && (Char != ‘W’)) { cout << “Invalid direction!” << endl; cout “; cin >> Char; }

39 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 39 Activity Feedback  Repetition of complex loop conditions can be avoided using a Boolean variable… WaitingForDirection = true; do { cout “; cin >> Char; if ((Char != ‘N’) && (Char != ‘S’) && (Char != ‘E’) && (Char != ‘W’)) cout << “Invalid direction!” << endl; else WaitingForDirection = false; } while ( WaitingForDirection );

40 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 40 Activity  Is the following logic OK? Sum = 0 ; do { cout "; cin >> Number; Sum = Sum + Number; } while (Number != -9); cout << “Sum = “ << Sum; if not, fix it.

41 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 41 Activity Feedback  The problem with the logic is that it will include –9 in the sum – it should be: Sum = 0 ; do { cout "; cin >> Number; if (Number != -9) Sum = Sum + Number; } while (Number != -9); cout << “Sum = “ << Sum; note: you will often see loop conditions repeated in do-while statements

42 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 42 for vs while cout “; cin >> NbrMarks; cout >> “Number of students ==> “ cin >> NbrStudents; NbrLoops = 0; while (NbrLoops < NbrStudents) { cout “; cin >> StudentMark; Percentage = 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks; cout << “ Student’s percentage: “; cout << Percentage; NbrLoops = NbrLoops +1; } notes: initialise loop control variable

43 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 43 for vs while cout “; cin >> NbrMarks; cout >> “Number of students ==> “ cin >> NbrStudents; NbrLoops = 0; while (NbrLoops < NbrStudents) { cout “; cin >> StudentMark; Percentage = 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks; cout << “ Student’s percentage: “; cout << Percentage; NbrLoops = NbrLoops +1; } notes: loop condition

44 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 44 for vs while cout “; cin >> NbrMarks; cout >> “Number of students ==> “ cin >> NbrStudents; NbrLoops = 0; while (NbrLoops < NbrStudents) { cout “; cin >> StudentMark; Percentage = 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks; cout << “ Student’s percentage: “; cout << Percentage; NbrLoops++; } notes: modify loop control variable (to avoid looping forever)

45 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 45 cout “; cin >> NbrMarks; cout >> “Number of students ==> “ cin >> NbrStudents; for (NbrLoops = 0; NbrLoops < NbrStudents; NbrLoops++) { cout “; cin >> StudentMark; Percentage = 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks; cout << “ Student’s percentage: “; cout << Percentage; } for vs while notes: initialise loop control variable

46 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 46 cout “; cin >> NbrMarks; cout >> “Number of students ==> “ cin >> NbrStudents; for (NbrLoops = 0; NbrLoops < NbrStudents; NbrLoops++) { cout “; cin >> StudentMark; Percentage = 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks; cout << “ Student’s percentage: “; cout << Percentage; } for vs while notes: loop condition

47 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 47 cout “; cin >> NbrMarks; cout >> “Number of students ==> “ cin >> NbrStudents; for (NbrLoops = 0; NbrLoops < NbrStudents; NbrLoops++) { cout “; cin >> StudentMark; Percentage = 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks; cout << “ Student’s percentage: “; cout << Percentage; } for vs while notes: modify loop control variable (to avoid looping forever)

48 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 48 for ( ; ; ) { } for Loop Syntax notes: parentheses around for clause

49 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 49 for ( ; ; ) { } for Loop Syntax notes: statement performed once before entering loop for first time

50 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 50 for ( ; ; ) { } for Loop Syntax notes: semi-colons after loop initialisation and loop condition

51 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 51 for ( ; ; ) { } for Loop Syntax notes: condition tested at the start of each loop – including the very first loop

52 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 52 for ( ; ; ) { } for Loop Syntax notes: statement performed at the end of each loop

53 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 53 for Loop Operation for loop statements loop condition false true loop initialise statement loop completion statement

54 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 54 Activity for ( int Counter = 0; Counter < 5; Counter++ ) { cout << “Counter = “ << Counter << endl; }  What output is produced by the following code:

55 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 55 Activity Feedback Counter = 0 Counter = 1 Counter = 2 Counter = 3 Counter = 4  The output produced by this code is:

56 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 56 Loop Control Variables  Usually an integer, but can be a character can be declared within the for clause – instead of... int NbrLoops; cout “; cin >> NbrMarks; cout >> “Number of students ==> “ cin >> NbrStudents; for (NbrLoops = 0; NbrLoops < NbrStudents; NbrLoops++) { cout “; cin >> StudentMark; Percentage = 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks; cout << “ Student’s percentage: “; cout << Percentage; }

57 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 57 cout “; cin >> NbrMarks; cout >> “Number of students ==> “ cin >> NbrStudents; for (int NbrLoops = 0; NbrLoops < NbrStudents; NbrLoops++) { cout “; cin >> StudentMark; Percentage = 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks; cout << “ Student’s percentage: “; cout << Percentage; } Loop Control Variables

58 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 58 int NbrLoops; cout “; cin >> NbrMarks; cout >> “Number of students ==> “ cin >> NbrStudents; for (int NbrLoops = 0; NbrLoops < NbrStudents; NbrLoops++) { cout “; cin >> StudentMark; Percentage = 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks; cout << “ Student’s percentage: “; cout << Percentage; } Loop Control Variables notes: if you try to declare the same variable twice, you get a compilation error

59 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 59 Activity for ( int Counter = 0; Counter != 5; Counter++ ) { cout << “Counter = “ << Counter << endl; Counter = Counter + 1; }  What output is produced by the following code?

60 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 60 Activity Feedback Counter = 0 Counter = 2 Counter = 4 Counter = 6 Counter = 8 : ( until you terminate the program! )  The output produced by this code is:

61 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 61 Activity  Write the for clause of a for loop to produce this output: Counter = 15 Counter = 14 Counter = 13 Counter = 12 Counter = 11 Counter = 10

62 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 62 Activity Feedback  The for clause of a for loop to produce this output is: for ( int Counter = 15; Counter >= 10; Counter-- )

63 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 63 Nested Loops  We saw that an if-else statement can be embedded inside another if-else statement  Likewise, a for statement can be nested inside another for statement  In fact, any selection statement (if-else, switch) or repetition statement (while, do-while, for) can be embedded inside another selection or repetition statement  With a nested loop, one performs one or more trips around the inner loop for each trip around the outer loop.Here’s an example...

64 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 64 Nested Loops for ( int RowNbr = 1; RowNbr <= 5; RowNbr++ ) { cout << endl << “Row “ << RowNbr << “:“; for ( int ColNbr = 1; ColNbr <= 3; ColNbr++ ) { cout << " Col " << ColNbr ; } inner loop

65 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 65 Activity for ( int RowNbr = 1; RowNbr <= 5; RowNbr++ ) { cout << endl << “Row “ << RowNbr << “:“; for ( int ColNbr = 1; ColNbr <= 3; ColNbr++ ) { cout << " Col " << ColNbr ; } activity: what does this code produce as output

66 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 66 Activity Feedback for ( int RowNbr = 1; RowNbr <= 5; RowNbr++ ) { cout << endl << “Row “ << RowNbr << “:“; for ( int ColNbr = 1; ColNbr <= 3; ColNbr++ ) { cout << " Col " << ColNbr ; } feedback: this code produces the following output… Col 1 Col 2 Col3

67 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 67 Nested Loops for ( int RowNbr = 1; RowNbr <= 5; RowNbr++ ) { cout << endl << “Row “ << RowNbr << “:“; for ( int ColNbr = 1; ColNbr <= 3; ColNbr++ ) { cout << " Col " << ColNbr ; } outer loop inner loop

68 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 68 Nested Loops for ( int RowNbr = 1; RowNbr <= 5; RowNbr++ ) { cout << endl << “Row “ << RowNbr << “:“; for ( int ColNbr = 1; ColNbr <= 3; ColNbr++ ) { cout << " Col " << ColNbr ; } note: here, three trips around the inner loop are performed for each trip around the outer loop

69 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 69 Activity for ( int RowNbr = 1; RowNbr <= 5; RowNbr++ ) { cout << endl << “Row “ << RowNbr << “:“; for ( int ColNbr = 1; ColNbr <= 3; ColNbr++ ) { cout << " Col " << ColNbr ; } activity: what is the output produced by this code?

70 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 70 Activity Feedback for ( int RowNbr = 1; RowNbr <= 4; RowNbr++ ) { cout << endl << “Row “ << RowNbr << “:“; for ( int ColNbr = 1; ColNbr <= 3; ColNbr++ ) { cout << " Col " << ColNbr ; } feedback: the output produced by this code is Row 1: Col 1 Col 2 Col 3 Row 2: Col 1 Col 2 Col 3 Row 3: Col 1 Col 2 Col 3 Row 4: Col 1 Col 2 Col 3

71 COIT29222 Structured Programming Slide 71 Summary  The switch statements provide a convenient alternative to simple if-else-if statements  The ternary operator provides some useful additional flexibility to the power of expressions  The task in the “do-while” loop is performed at least once  The for loop is useful when the number of required trips around a loop is known before entering the loop  Consequently, the for loop is useful when using arrays – the topic of a future class

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