1. The Ottoman Empire Islamic Empires post 1450

2. Political Organization Osman (r. 1299-1326) - Ruler in Anatolia, expanded - On border between Christians and Muslims. Led the jihad. Absorb not destroy - Religious freedom

3. Political Organization Mehmet II - Consolidated Turkish states - Conquered Constantinople in 1453 - Rebuilds and improves city

4. Interaction of People and Foreign Relations Mehmet II (r. 1451-81) - Continued expansion – Greece, Anatolia Bayezid II (1481-1512) - Contested Throne - Strengthened Navy Selim I (r. 1512-1520) - Ruthless - Great military leader; Fought Safavids, Conquered Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and parts of N. Africa

6. Interaction of People and Foreign Relations Sulieman (r. 1520 – 1566) - widest geographic extent - Hungary, Siege of Vienna Land Dominance - infantry, cavalry, cannon Battle for Mediterranean - Ottomans vs. Habsburgs - Pope supports Habsburgs

7. Interaction of People and Foreign Relations Ottomans influence on European Politics - Alliance with France - Support of German Protestants - Anything to weaken Catholics Indian Ocean - Fought with Spanish and Portuguese for trade dominance - Eventually lose trade with East Asia, begins Ottoman decline

8. Social Structure Leadership - Turkish noble families -Conquered leaders -Bureaucrats Sultan owned land

9. Social Structure - Women Upper-class -The harem - “sacred place, sanctuary” -Place where wife, children, concubines lived -Heirs usually through concubines -Hurrem -Women in business

10. Social Structure - Slaves Slaves from numerous conquests - Devshirme - Janissaries – loyal to sultan, not family affiliation. Great bureaucrats and military leaders

11. Intellectual and Cultural Development Suleiman I - Codified laws, less corruption, balanced budget, relation to Islamic law - Fabulous lifestyle - Istanbul – Mosques, gardens, libraries - Roads, bridges Rivaled the Renaissance

12. Intellectual and Cultural Development Poetry – Diwan collections Folk literature – traveling storytellers, history to the common people Science – Astronomy, cartography, Medicine – quarantine, vaccine, medical school

13. Decline of Ottoman Power Weak Sultans – less experience, wrong priorities - Vizier’s really running empire - Provincial leaders gain power - Janissary system falls apart – Muslims take over military and bureaucracy Military defeats – Europe stronger, more united

14. Persian Theocracy Mongol invasion - Population loss - Ghazan – lowered taxes, improved bureaucracy - Islam is state religion - Chinese professionals

15. Persian Theocracy Safavid Empire – modern Iran, Shi’ia, militant, against Mongols Factors in Rise of Safavid Empire 1. Loyal, militant, nomadic tribesman 2.Used bureaucratic system 3. Religious unity

16. Persian Culture Arts – gardens, weaving, tiles Religion – Shi’ia, less tolerance