1. Intro to Molluscs

2. Opening Assignment PUT YOUR PHONE AWAY 
Turn in your study guide for the Unit 5 test if you have not already done this.
Get a piece of paper out and label it “Mollusc Trivia Quiz” 1-5

3. Unit 6: Phylum Mollusca, Arthropoda, & Echinodermata

4. Phylum Mollusca Trivia True or False
There are snails that can kill people.
Some oysters change their sex from year to year.
All gastropods have shells.
An acre of mussels produces more meat than an acre of pastureland that cows graze on.
The largest gastropod was 2 ½ feet long and weighed 40 pounds.

5. TRUE There are snails that can kill people. Pretty Dangerous
Beautiful yet deadly, cone snails mostly inhabit the shallow tropical waters of coral reefs or mangrove swamps. They harpoon other invertebrate prey with a concealed hollow tooth, through which they inject conotoxin venom. The venom is a mixture of different toxic protein molecules, of which each species might possess 100 varieties. Constantly revising that recipe makes it more difficult for prey to evolve resistance.
Cone snail shells come in a dazzling array of colors and patterns, said the letter's co-author, ecologist Callum Roberts at the University of York in England. "But as swimmers who made the mistake of tucking an attractive shell into their costume have found out, they produce a powerful venom." That poison is strong enough to paralyze or kill a person.

6. TRUE Some oysters change their sex from year to year.
They are sequential hermaphrodites (different from being able to produce both sperm and eggs at the same time).

7. FALSE 3. All gastropods have shells.
Nudibranchs are gastropods that don’t have shells. Instead they use toxins and bright warning coloration for protection.

8. TRUE
An acre of mussels produces more meat than an acre of pastureland that cows graze on.
Mussels produce 10,000 pounds of meat, cows only produce 200 pounds!

9. TRUE 5. The largest gastropod was 2 ½ feet long and weighed 40 pounds.
The Horse Conch is the largest gastropod, and it lives in our area! Have you seen one?

10. Day 1 Activities
Read the Marine Biology book pages and answer the questions on Molluscs.
When you are finished you can turn your paper in to the bin. 

11. Phylum Mollusca Questions Pages 124-129
Copy and complete the following questions.
Molluscs: The Successful Soft Body
Describe the body plan of a mollusc.
How do molluscs move?
What is a radula?
List the major characteristics of each of the types of Molluscs - Gastropods, Bivalves, and Cephalopods including
Their class
what makes them unique,
most common organisms,
what and how they eat
Something unique about their behavior
Biology of Molluscs
Explain the basic digestive system of all molluscs.
How are Gastropod and Bivalve brains different than other molluscs.
Explain the differences in how the three types of molluscs reproduce.

12. Opening Assignment
List the levels of classification from domain to class for gastropods.
List the 3 classes of Molluscs you have read about and give an example of an organism in each class.
HINT – YOU MAY SEE THESE AGAIN ON THE OPEN NOTES QUIZ NEXT WEEK!
P.S. OPEN NOTES QUIZZES ARE NOT MULTIPLE CHOICE 

13. Unit 6 Student Learning Goals
Students will be able to
Describe the structure and function of the main types of molluscs, arthropods, and echinoderms.
Explain how each of those play a role in the health of the marine ecosystem.

14. Part 1: Phylum Mollusca (Latin “mollis” means “soft bodied”)
Common names: Clams, squid, snails…

15. General Characteristics
One of the largest and most diverse groups on invertebrates
Bilateral symmetry
Body can be divided in half along ONLY one line
More complex than cnidarians because tissues form distinct organs (ex. stomach, gills)
Complete digestive system with two openings (mouth and anus)

16. Anatomy Basic body plan: Head/ foot/ visceral mass
Head- region with sensory capabilities
Foot- muscular region used for locomotion or attachment
Visceral mass- region that contains organs

18. What makes a mollusc a mollusc?
Mantle: Protective tissue that covers body (and secretes shell)

19. What makes a mollusc a mollusc?
Radula (EXCEPT Bivalves): Ribbon of tissue that is covered with teeth, used for feeding

20. What makes a mollusc a mollusc?
Muscular foot
Used for locomotion and attachment
May be modified into tentacles (squid, octopus, nautilus)

21. Types of Molluscs:
Remember classification: Kingdom Animalia Phylum Mollusca Class …
Gastropoda Bivalvia Cephalopoda

22. Class Gastropoda (Snails & Nudibranchs)
75,000 species, mostly marine
Coiled shell or no shell (nudibranchs)
Most move slowly using foot to creep
Marine gastropods can be herbivores, detritus feeders, carnivores, scavengers or parasites

23. Gastropods usually have a well-defined head with two or four sensory tentacles, a calcium carbonate shell, usually spirally coiled into which the body can be pulled back, and a muscular foot on their lower surface.

24. Gastropods continued . . .
Many marine gastropods burrow and have a "siphon" extending out from the edge of the mantle . The siphon allows the animal to draw water into their mantle cavity and over the gill. They use the siphon mainly to "taste" the water to detect prey from a distance.

25. Gastropods continued . . .
Most Gastropods have a muscular crawling, flat foot used for (slow) movement. Some species use the foot to dig, other species, like the nudibranchs, are free swimming.

26. Gastropods continued . . .

27. Gastropod Reproduction . . .
Most marine gastropods have separate sexes whilst terrestrial gastropods are usually hermaphrodites (posessing both male and female reproductive organs).
They reproduce in various ways based on the species including internal and external fertilization and then larvae formation.

28. Class Gastropoda (Snails)

29. Class Gastropoda (Nudibranchs) Video Clip

30. Deadly Cone Snails

31. Class Bivalvia (Clams, oysters, scallops, mussels)
Body enclosed in two valved shell (two half shells) that are joined by a hinge
No defined head or radula
Filter feed using gills
May burrow in sediment (clams), attach to substrate (oysters & mussels) or “swim” (scallops)

32. Bivalves continued
The foot of bivalves is adapted for burrowing in all species except the sedentary ones, where it is reduced in size.
Some species, e.g., the cockles, use the foot to hop about from place to place.

33. Bivalves continued Bivalves have a greatly reduced head and no radula.
Most have a single pair of large gills used for respiration and for trapping minute food particles.

34. Bivalves Nervous System
Bivalves have a relatively simple nervous system with three pairs of ganglia and two pairs of long nerve cords.

35. Bivalve Reproduction
Bivalves usually require both males and females to reproduce, although some species individuals either have the organs of both sexes or start out as males and later become females.
Bivalve eggs and sperm are usually released into the water, where fertilization takes place. The eggs hatch into veligers (VEL-ih-jerz), or young, that live among and eat other plankton.

36. Bivalve Anatomy

37. Class Bivalvia (Clams, oysters, scallops, mussels)

38. Bivalves are AWESOME!

39. Class Cephalopoda (Octopus, squid, nautilus, cuttle fish)
ONLY marine
All predators
Foot modified into tentacles with suckers
Beak-like jaws
Body specialized for locomotion
Mantle forms a siphon that is used to expel water for jet propulsion
Shell reduced or absent
Advanced nervous system
Large brain with complex eyes
Specialized cells called chromatophores used to change color for camoflage

40. Cephalopods continued . . .
Sex and reproduction in cephalopods is in many ways quite different than in other molluscs. First, sexes are separate and mating usually includes a courtship that often involves elaborate color changes. This is followed by the transfer of a spermatophore (sperm packet) by a male to a female through her mantle opening. The spermatophore is transferred by the male using either a penis or a modified arm called a hectocotylus. Most females then lay large yolky eggs in clusters on the ocean floor or on any other hard substrate. Eggs develop by dividing unequally instead of in the spiral pattern of other molluscs. It is thought this is a derived mode of development. After a period of development within the egg, juveniles hatch out directly without the swimming larval stage common to many other molluscs. Most males and females die shortly after spawning

41. Cephalopods continued . . .
Cephalopods are the most intelligent, most mobile, and the largest of all molluscs. Squid, octopuses, cuttlefish, the chambered nautilus, and their relatives display remarkable diversity in size and lifestyle with adaptations for predation, locomotion, disguise, and communication.

42. Squid Anatomy

43. Octopus Anatomy

45. Class Cephalopoda (Octopus, squid, nautilus, cuttlefish)

46. Cephalopod Video

47. Class Cephalopoda (Octopus, squid, nautilus, cuttlefish)
Octopus camo
Octopus escape
Octopus vs. Shark
Mimic Octopus
Flamboyant Cuttlefish

48. Opening Assignment What type of symmetry do mollusks have?
List the 3 parts of the general body plan of a Mollusc.
Which of these body parts is absent in bivalves?
List the 3 characteristics that make a Mollusc a Mollusc.

49. Opening Assignment
What type of symmetry do mollusks have? Bilateral Symmetry
List the 3 parts of the general body plan of a Mollusc. Head, Foot & Visceral Mass
Which of these body parts is absent in bivalves? No head
List the 3 characteristics that make a Mollusc a Mollusc. Mantle, Radula, Muscular Foot

51. Phylum Mollusca Mini Project
Part 1: Choose a species from the class of molluscs that you were assigned. Research the information below and answer the questions using complete sentences in a paragraph format. (70%)
What is the scientific name of your species? List the levels of classification
What does your species eat? Does anything eat it? (use vocab. Herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, predator, prey)
How does it reproduce?
What ocean and ocean zone does it primarily live in? (benthic, neritic, aphotic )
What adaptations does your species have and how does it help it survive?
What is the lifespan of your organism?
What makes your organism awesome?
Part 2: Create! Draw or print a picture of your species and label the main parts. (30%)

52. Open Notes Quiz Tomorrow
Don’t forget to bring your Mollusc questions that were graded and handed back to you and also your Mollusc guided notes.
This quiz will be open notes but NOT multiple choice.

53. Opening Assignment
Get your notes out and ready for the open notes quiz today. You may use your opening assignment notes, the Phylum Mollusca textbook questions, and the guided notes to help you.
Answers MUST be in complete sentences or I will deduct points. Use the back of the paper if needed – be as complete in your answers as you can.
Staple your guided notes and Phylum Mollusca textbook questions to your test when you turn it in.

54. Phylum Arthropoda Textbook questions
Phylum Arthropoda Textbook Questions - Marine Biology Textbook
Arthropods: The Armored Achievers (pg. 130)
How many species of arthropods are known? How many are still undiscovered?
Give 3 examples of marine arthropods.
Describe the arthropod body.
What is the function of the exoskeleton and jointed appendages in an arthropod?
Explain the process that takes place when an arthropod grows.
Why are most arthropods small in size?
What are crustaceans?
How do crustaceans get oxygen?
What do crustaceans use their antennas for?
Biology of Crustaceans pg. ( )
Describe how the feeding of copepods is different than the feeding of larger crustaceans like lobsters.
Where does gas exchange happen in crustaceans?
Describe the nervous system of the crustacean including the brain, eyes, and their sense of smell.

55. Phylum Arthropoda
Greek means…

56. “jointed foot”
Common names: crab, lobster, barnacles, shrimp, crawfish, horseshoe crab

57. General Characteristics
Invertebrates
Largest animal phylum
Phylum includes all insects, spiders and scorpions
Most can regenerate lost appendages
Keen sense of smell- chemoreception

58. Anatomy Bilateral symmetry
Basic body plan includes 3 main body sections: head, thorax and abdomen
Head and thorax are combined and known as the cephalothorax
Cephalothorax is protected by hard outer covering called a carapace

59. What makes an Arthropod an Arthropod?
Jointed appendages
Exoskeleton
Made of chitin (like your fingernails)
Does not grow with the animal
Molting
Process of shedding the exoskeleton so that the animal can grow bigger
Immediately after molting the animal is “soft shelled” until the new exoskeleton is hardened

60. Types of Arthropods
There are many classes within phylum Arthropoda, but I will limit our study to just 2 that are VERY important in the marine environment

61. Class Crustacea shrimp, lobster, true crabs and barnacles
Primarily aquatic - mostly marine
The only Arthropods with 2 pairs of antennae
Usually have eyestalks
Larvae make up large amount of plankton

62. Crustaceans

63. Largest land dwelling crustacean
Coconut Crab

64. Largest marine crustacean
Japanese Spider Crab
Giant Japanese Spider Crab. Natural habitat metres below sea level in the Pacific Ocean near Japan. They can weigh kg, and span over 3 m outstretched clawtip to clawtip. Taken at the Sealife aquarium, Scarborough.

65. Class Merostomata – Horseshoe crabs
Not true crabs - doesn't have typical crustacean characteristics - gets name from shape of exoskeleton
One of Earth's oldest creatures (here 100 mill. yrs before dinosaurs)
More closely related to scorpions and spiders than true crabs
Have blue blood (contains copper)
Extremely important to survival of migrating shorebirds

66. Horseshoe crabs

67. Where do arthropods live?
Worldwide distribution and habitats
Mostly benthic (bottom dwelling)
Some are sessile (barnacles)

68. What do arthropods eat?
Mostly scavengers (eat already dead or decaying organisms) but can be predators (hunt and kill prey) also
Voracious Phronima

69. How do arthropods reproduce?
Only sexual reproduction
Internal or external fertilization
Remember, many crustaceans brood their eggs, then release the planktonic larvae
Mostly dioecious, however some (like barnacles) are hermaphrodites

70. Arthropod Behavior Complex behavior Spiny lobster migration
Use wide variety of signals to communicate with each other for territory or courtship
Fiddler crab waving

71. Let’s talk about barnacles
What do we know about them so far?
Sessile
Hermaphrodites
How do you think they reproduce?
Well, actually… Barnacles Tell No Lies

72. Arthropods

73. Opening Assignment - Arthropods Can you answer these without your notes?
List 3 similarities between phylum mollusca and phylum arthropoda.
What does arthropoda mean in Greek?
What restricts arthropods from growing larger? How do they overcome this?
What is the cephalothorax? What is it covered by?
What 3 features make arthropods unique compared to the other phyla we have studied?

74. Opening Assignment - Arthropods Can you answer these without your notes?
List 3 similarities between phylum mollusca and phylum arthropoda.
Invertebrate, Bilateral symmetry, sexual reproduction only
What does arthropoda mean in Greek?
Jointed foot
What restricts arthropods from growing larger? How do they overcome this?
Exoskeleton, the process of molting
What is the cephalothorax? What is it covered by?
Region in crustaceans, combined head and thorax. Covered by the carapace
What 3 features make arthropods unique compared to the other phyla we have studied?
Jointed appendages, exoskeleton, molting