1. Diet During Childhood & Adolescence
Nutrition CHPT 13
Diet During Childhood
&
Adolescence

2. Inadequate Diets
Studies show that mental ability and size of an individual are directly influenced by nutrition in the early years

3. Children ages 1-2 years old
Children learn by imitation at this age
The parents are the role models for their children
Good habits must be enforced starting from this early of an age

4. Mealtime
Should be in an enjoyable environment that is calm and relaxed
Nutritious foods should be available at all times, snacks should be provided
All meals should include a wide variety of foods to to ensure good intake

5. Picky eaters The picky group…
Kids at this age have varying appetites, likes and dislikes they call this “food jags”
Wt gain of a child during the 2nd year of life is only 5 pounds

6. “NO!” Children at 2 y.o want to decide things for themselves
They need guidance, not whatever they want
Encourage high nutrient dense foods, stay away from sweets, this becomes habit

7. Milk
Whole milk is recommended until age 2 because kids of this age don’t eat a lot of food
Low fat milk is recommended after age 2
Fat is necessary for growth, not fat-laden junk food

8. Salt intake
Watch the added salt, there should be known for children of this age
Keep foods high in sodium off of their diet plan

9. How much should you expect a child to eat?
For preschool kids: 1 tablespoon of food for every year of age
If a kid is 3, then they get 3 tablespoons of food

10. Choking
Up till the age of 4 years old, these kids are at risk to choke on the same foods that were a problem in the earlier years:
Peanuts
Grapes
Hot dogs
Raw carrots
Candy
Thick P.B.

11. Forcing children to eat
Can lead to :
anorexia
Bulimia
Later in life

12. As kids grow…
In this age group of 1-2 y.o, the caloric requirement diminishes as the child gets older. This picks back up as the child starts to get into pre-teen years
Children still need nutritious foods, protein, fats, vitamins and minerals

13. What to limit in 1-2 y.o.’s Limit fruit juices
Increase water and fiber
Avoid excessive amounts of milk, it can crowd out other foods such as iron-rich foods leaving the child with an iron deficiency

14. Childhood obesity
Normal ht and wt are calculated based on standardized charts
Pediatrician can tell you where your child is on the ht and wt scale for the child’s age
1 in 5 kids are now overweight in the U.S.

15. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Is seen in kids in the early years
Insulin is needed if diet isn’t followed and if blood glucose is elevated

16. Cumulative problems related to obesity in children
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Asthma
Sleep apnea
Hyperlipidemia
HTN

17. As these kids get older…
They are likely to suffer other ailments:
Hip and knee problems
Social stigma
Depression
Suicide attempts
Anorexia from the peer pressure

18. How to handle the obese child
Offer dietician to see pt
Discuss “My Pyramid”
Discuss exercise regimen, offer fun activities
Parents need education and tips that encourage kids to “move”

19. Healthy Food Options for obese child
Health after school snacks such as:
Fruits and veggies
Salsa as dip
Low-fat popcorn
Single serving of cereal (whole grain)
Individual bag of pretzels
AVOID SODAS AND SUGAR DRINKS

20. Other healthful tips for parents
Limit t.v. and computer use
Get moving yourself, it enforces good habits
Never tell a child “he is fat”
Become familiar with “My Pyramid”
Never provide food as a comfort or as a reward
Encourage child to drink plenty of water

21. Childhood Type 2 Diabetes
Most obese children of ages develop this
Children need to see Endocrinologist to watch disease
Dietician is also needed

22. Adolescence

23. Adolescence Persons between ages 13 and 20
Period of rapid growth that causes many changes
Bones grow and gain density, muscle and fat tissue develop, blood volume increases, boys voice’s change, girls start menses
Different changes occur in different kids, be aware of their needs as individuals, counseling may be needed for these pre-teens and teens

24. Adolescents Tend not to imitate adults, rather they imitate other kids
Peer pressure is on in this age group
Keep kids involved in allowing them to make health food choices, they will feel more independent
Offer nutritious snacks and foods, get rid of the junk and sodas

25. Calorie and Nutrient needs
Are increased in the teen years
Boys need more calories than girls
Girls need more iron than boys d/t menses

26. Anorexia Nervosa
Is a physiological disorder seen more prevalent in girls than in boys

27. Effects of Anorexia Hair loss Low B.P Weakness
Amenorrhea – (stoppage of monthly menstrual cycle)
Brain damage
death

29. Causes of Anorexia Unclear overall but is believed to be due to:
An inordinate fear of being fat
Those with demanding parents try and gain their own control, they choose to not eat
Some want to resemble slim fashion models
Overachievers and perfectionists who want control over their body

31. Odd behaviors of Anorexics
Count calories of every bit of food they put into their mouths
Drink large amounts of water and eat ice to feel full
Drink boiling hot water with lemon to burn taste buds
Chew up food to taste it, then spit it out to not take in the calories
Eat large amounts of fruit only
Exercise ALL DAY LONG, performing over sit ups in a day
Using ketone strips to test urine, they want to be in ketosis

32. Bulimia
A syndrome in which the pt alternately binges food and then purges by inducing vomiting, using laxatives and diuretics to get rid of ingested foods
They are high achievers who are perfectionists, obsessive and depressed, they hide their disease

34. Bulimia starts in late teens into the thirties
They binge on high calorie, high fat foods and can do this for a length of time, then they purge to feel better
Stress increases the frequency of binges

35. Effects of Bulimia Not usually life-threatening
Causes irritation in the esophagus d/t acid coming back up = bleeding
Causes loss of electrolytes, malnutrition, dehydration and dental caries

36. Both Anorexia & Bulimia
Cause pts to be VERY manipulative, pt doesn’t want you to know they are doing this because you will stop them
Sneaky people
Both illnesses need psychological treatment, usually in-patient setting works best to keep pts focused and in the watchful eyes of others

37. Being overweight…
Lowers self esteem or one’s self worth

38. Fast Foods
Try and discourage the consumption of these, limit these to once a week or less
These foods contain high Na+ and high calories and fat

39. Alcohol
Is a depressant, is addicting and is mistaken for just a happy fun time!
Drinking impairs one’s judgment and leads to accidents and crime, sleepiness, loss of consciousness, and when too much is consumed in a short time, alcohol poisoning occurs = death
Periods of excessive drinking can lead to alcoholism, cirrhosis, kidney and liver damage and death

40. Marijuana Use increases among teens
Increases appetite, especially for sweets
1 marijuana cigarette is = to 4-5 tobacco cigarettes because the smoke is held in your lungs longer and the lung absorbs the fat-soluble (THC) and stores it in fat
Use of marijuana can lead to the used of there street drugs
A.K.A. Mary Jane, weed, grass, pot, dope

41. Cocaine Is highly addictive and extremely harmful Causes:
Restlessness hallucinations
Heightened self-confidence
Euphoria loss of appetite
Irritability cardiac irregularities
Insomnia M.I.
Depression Death
Cig. Smoking is addictive
Confusion smokable form is crack

42. Tobacco Smokers need extra vitamins like vit C and other vits
Smoking increases the risk of lung cancer and heart disease

43. Methamphetamine Potent form of amphetamine
Causes Hrt, R.R. and BP to increase
Mouth is dry, swallowing is difficult
Urination is difficult, appetite is decreased
Pupils are dilated, reflexes speed up
As the drug wears off, fatigue and depression are present
Other names: crank, speed, crystal meth, zip and ice

45. Athletes Big in the teen years Athletes need additional:
Water – needs to be regularly replaced d/t perspiration
Calories
B Vitamins are needed for energy metabolism
Na+ K+
Iron protein

46. IN REVIEW The rate of growth slows between the ages of 1 and 10
Adolescence is a time for rapid growth
Fast foods and fads are on the rise, limit intake of fast foods
Alcohol and drugs have always been a problem for teens, period of trial and error
Increase in Na+, K+, B vits and iron are needed for the athlete

47. THE END