1. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Sediment and Contaminant Dynamics Across Scales Landscape as Cascading Hydrologic and Biogeochemical Filters Session 2 Nandita Basu (University of Iowa) Suresh Rao (Purdue University) Aaron Packman (Northwestern) Session 3 Marwan Hassan (UBC) Aaron Packman (Northwestern)

2. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Mgmt.: Chemical Inputs Mgmt.: Chemical Inputs Source Release Model Vadose Zone : Storage, Transport Retardation, Transformations Vadose Zone : Storage, Transport Retardation, Transformations Saturated Zone : Transport, Retardation Transformations Climate and Veg: Rain, ET Climate and Veg: Rain, ET overland flow subsurface flow groundwater flow Hillslope Emergent Patterns Conceptual Framework: Hierarchical, Non-linear Filters and Cascading Waves Water Column sediment Reach Scale

3. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Approach: Pattern Based Hypotheses Testing: WHAT are the “emergent” patterns? – Data HOW are they created? – Models Hypotheses Generation: WHEN will they cease to exist --- tipping points -Data-based (comparative hydrology) -Model-based Patterns offer a window into landscape processes … and a starting point for hypotheses

4. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Patterns that Intrigued us….. Nitrate load-discharge relationships across Mississippi Sediment load-discharge relationships

5. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Patterns that Intrigued us….. Nitrate load-discharge relationships across Mississippi Sediment load-discharge relationships

6. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 6 Denitrification rate constant (d -1 ) Reach-Scale REACH SCALE Inverse relationship between denitrification and stream depth How do reach scale patterns translate to network scale: Spatio-Temporal Averaging NETWORK SCALE Same Inverse Dependence Donner et al. (2004) Bohlke et al. (2008)

7. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Motivating Questions: 1.How are sediments and contaminants (dissolved and sediment bound) generated in the hillslope? 2.How do sediments and contaminants get translated through the network? Can we understand the dominant classes of behavior of landscapes that will pave the way towards catchment biogeochemical classification?

8. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Filtering of solute variability across scales

9. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Hypothesis: Landscapes act as cascading,coupled filters Filtering of variable inputs by landscape structure and biogeochemical processes produces PATTERNS, as water and solutes cascade across spatial and temporal scales Observed “patterns” are windows into this filtering

10. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Four examples of solute filtering Event filtering in the vadose zone C vs Q: Data analysis across scales C vs Q: Models to understand controls Flow and denitrification in networks

11. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Event filtering in the vadose zone

12. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 HEIST: A 1-D event-based model of solute loads filtered by the vadose zone

13. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Solute mass in Solute mass out Increasing depth Increasing degradation rates Effects of soil depth: Clustering of transported mass Effects of degradation rate: Clustering in time Increased non-linearity of filter “Extreme outcomes driven by normal inputs” Model reveals controls on clustering of events and emergence of extremes

14. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Concentration vs Discharge: Data analysis across scales

15. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Cumulative oututs over each year Cumulative outputs over each year Cumulative precipitationCumulative discharge Sulfate Nitrate Chloride Sulfate Nitrate Chloride Complex filtering of Nitrate Simpler, but stronger filtering of less bioactive compounds Intra-annual filtering of nitrate more complex than less bioactive solutes in experimental watersheds Hubbard Brook WS2

16. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Single tile drain (0.03 km 2 ) Q-C strongly coupled Watershed (186 km 2 ) Episodically coupled Flow vs Nitrate coherence analysis on 10 years of daily data Flow and Nitrate decouple at larger spatial scales, except for specific events, in a data-rich agricultural watershed

17. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Annual Discharge 10 6 m 3 /km 2 /yr Annual NO 2 + NO 3 Load (t/km 2 /yr) At larger scales, inter-anual variability in concentration is dampened Average concentration influenced by climate + land-use +... Landuse and climate control mean [N], and interannual variability is dampened, at Mississippi watershed scale

18. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Concentration vs Discharge: Models to understand controls

19. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 MRF model - Conceptual hillslope coupled to network Storage-dependent CSTR model Storage THREW model - Representative Elementary Watershed Multi-compartment flow and BGC process model Multiple models used to test hypotheses about origins of observed patterns

20. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Chemostatic Q – C behavior linked to: B) Interaction of forcing and filter timescales A) Storage – dependent reaction rates C) Averaging effects of the network Reaction time Event input frequencyResidence time

21. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Flow and denitrification in networks

22. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Simon Donner (UBC) IBIS-THMB model simulations (65 sq km grid resolution) REACH SCALE Inverse relationship between denitrification and stream depth Spatial averaging over network Temporal averaging over year Bohlke 2008 Reach scale dependence on stage shown to produce intriguing patterns when up-scaled in time and space In-stream N Removal k = 0.2/h k = 0.06/h Runoff (mm)

23. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Order from complexity Solute filtering behavior most complex at small scales more bioactive solutes Critical control on filtering: Coupling of flow and reaction rates Timescales of forcing, processing Spatial structure of the network Models built around event filtering can reproduce patterns of Episodic leaching Nitrate concentration vs discharge Denitrification across scales

24. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Sediment transport: legacy, intermittency and land use

25. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Study Sites Goodwin Creek, Mississippi Rio Isabena, Spain

26. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Landscape and Network Filtering of Sediment Transport Rainfall Land Management Runoff, Suspended Sediment Bank Erosion Deposition and Resuspension Q(t) Cuml. Load Cuml. Flow

27. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Hillslope Filtering Precipitation FlowSediment Mobilized Deviations from the Mean (mm) Years 19821997 Deviations from the Mean (m) Years 1982 1997 Deviations from the Mean (kg) Years 1982 1997

28. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Hillslope Filtering Precipitation FlowSediment Mobilized Flow ~ unfiltered precipitation Deviations from the Mean (mm) Years 19821997 Deviations from the Mean (m) Years 1982 1997 Deviations from the Mean (kg) Years 1982 1997

29. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Hillslope Filtering Precipitation FlowSediment Mobilized Sediment ~ flow filtered Deviations from the Mean (mm) Years 19821997 Deviations from the Mean (m) Years 1982 1997 Deviations from the Mean (kg) Years 1982 1997

30. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Hillslope Filtering Precipitation FlowSediment Mobilized Sediment ~ flow filtered Deviations from the Mean (mm) Years 19821997 Deviations from the Mean (m) Years 1982 1997 Deviations from the Mean (kg) Years 1982 1997 Increased Disturbance

31. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 EXCEEDENCE PROBABILITY NORMALIZED FLOW AND LOAD 1982198319841985 1986198719881989 1990199119921993 1994199519961997 CHANGE IN LANDUSE FLOW LOAD Hillslope Filtering – Land Use

32. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Reach Mass Balance

33. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Quantification of Bank Erosion 1996/4/24 1996/12/9 1997/3/4

34. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Sediment Transport – Waves Length Down Reach (m) Sediment Concentration in Bed Concentration Flow INPUT

35. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Sediment Transport – Waves Length Down Reach (m) Sediment Concentration in Bed Concentration Flow INPUT

36. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Sediment Transport – Waves Length Down Reach (m) Sediment Concentration in Bed Concentration Flow INPUT

37. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Sediment Transport – Waves Length Down Reach (m) Sediment Concentration in Bed Concentration Flow INPUT

38. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Sediment transport behaviour Reproduces features of export patterns

39. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Additional Processes Gravel bed rivers – fines infiltration Bed-load Over-bank flow (e.g. floodplains)

40. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Basin-Scale Filtering Load – relatively homogeneous Load – highlights channel contributions Land Use Intervention

41. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Consequences Intact ecosystems  more filtering Network has “memory” –Responses vary in space, time Filtering: –Nonlinear(e.g. hillslopes) –Episodic(e.g. legacy) –Stochastic(e.g. bank failure)

42. 2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 Solute mass in Solute mass out Increasing depth Order out of Complexity Vadose Zone Catchment Scale: Nutrient Network Scale Sediment