1. S519: Evaluation of Information Systems Analyzing data: Synthesis D-Ch9

2. Last week What are merit determination? What is absolute merit? How to draw rubric? What is relative merit? How to draw rubric?

3. Synthesis methodology It is a tool to allow us to draw overall evaluative conclusions from multiple findings about a single evaluand. Synthesis is the process of combining a set of ratings or performances on several components or dimensions into an overall rating.

4. Synthesis methodology KEC Box 11: Overall Significance What are the main areas where the evaluand is doing well Is this the most cost-effective use of the available resources to address the identified needs without excessive adverse impact?

5. Synthesis methodology Merit determination To develop the rubrics To use rubrics to summarize the multiple findings A kind of synthesis method Rubrics are one of the simplest methods to blend data. But when data is a bit more complex, it is difficult to use a rubric as the only tool Data are not equally important or reliable Different nuances and combinations (such as Table8.3)

6. It is not It is not meta-analysis A special statistical techniques to give a weighted average of effect sizes across multiple studies – for quantitative studies It is not literature review A judgment from a reviewer’s point of view.

7. It is A systematic way of taking into account the pluses and minuses uncovered when the evaluation team draws the evaluative conclusions. Some synthesis is always necessary, whether the evaluation is formative or summative It combines the data we collected and uses comparison to place the evaluand’s performance in a wider context.

8. Keep in mind Doing poorly on some minimal important criteria Doing poorly on some crucial criteria Are very different!

9. Costs and comparisons in synthesis Evaluation is Not just: Did the value of the outcomes outweight the value of the resource it took to achieve them? But: Is this evaluand the best possible use of available resources to achieve outcomes of the greatest possible value?

10. Evaluation Sythesis for „ranking“ If it is „ranking“ (relative) evaluation: Consider each alternative and make explicit comparisons Synthesis for „grading“ If it is „grading“ (absolute) evaluation: Consider different context settings and provide better interpretation of merit

11. Qualitative or quantitative Quantitative synthesis Using numerical weights Qualitative synthesis Using qualitative labels

12. Synthesis for “grading” The primary evaluation question is for absolut quality or value How well did the evaluand perform on this dimension? How effective, valuable, or meritorious is the evaluand overall? Is this component worth the resources put into it?

13. Quantitative weighting example with „bars“ Case: Personnel evaluation in a small accounting firm 13 defined tasks (e.g., telephone, reception, data entry, etc.) Each employee has responsibiltiy for 4-6 tasks Evaluation: Importance weighting (through the voting of the selected stakeholders) In-depth discussion with business owners Derive the importance metric and bars

14. Quantitative weighting example with „bars“ Evaluation Define the levels of importance: 3 to 5 levels work well in most case Do not go to too many levels (why? Is this useful?) For example task  1. minor task (1)  2. normal-priority task (2)  3. high-priority task (3)  4. extremely high-priority task (4)

15. Quantitative weighting example with „bars“ Evaluation Setting up rubrics for each 13 tasks Normally 4-6 level is sufficient Example: Performance Rubric  1. Totally unacceptable performance (1)  2. Medicore (substandard) performance (2)  3. Good performance (expected level) (3)  4. Performance that exceeded expectations (4)  5. All-around excellent performance (5) Synthesis – draw the overall conclusion See Exhibit 9.2 (p158)

16. Exercise Peronal evaluation in a small accouting firm TasksImportanceScore for Alice Telephone12 Data entry23 Tax data management 41 Client support45 Reporting33 Communicating13 How about Alice according to Exhibit 9.2? Lab

17. Exerice How about Alice Mean = 1*2+2*3+4*1+4*5+3*3+1*3/(1+2+4+4+3+1) =44/15 =2.93 She has the good performance?

18. Qualitative weighting example 1 (with no „bars“) Case: a school-based health program evaluation It contains 9 different components: nutrition education, mental health services, safer sex, legal service and others. How to evaluate these system in low-budget and short period of time whether they are meeting important needs of the students and their families Evaluation: Interview Student surveys

19. School health system evaluation Survey question design: Two quantitative questions How useful was the program to you? (4-point response scale: not at all useful, somewhat useful, useful, very useful) How satisfied were you with the program? One qualitative question (open-end)? What other changes or events, good or bad, have happened to you or someone you know because of receiving the service?

20. School health system evaluation Survey result about nutrition system shows in Table 9.1 Look at table 9.1, think about: How can you draw a conclusion from this result about the nutrition system? Is it good or bad? Pay attention of N in Table 9.1

21. School health system evaluation Setting the importance for these three questions (1-strongest data, 3=weakest data) 1. Ratings of usefulness (directly related to needs) 2. Responses to the open-ended question 3. Satisfaction ratings Creating rubrics for each question Table 9.2 for question 1 and question 2 Table 9.3 for open-ended question

22. School health system evaluation How to grade the nutrition system based on the first two quantitative questions: Based on Table 9.1, come out with the rubric as Table 9.2 Why 90% is select, 70%-90%.. how to draw Table 9.2 from Table 9.1 and collected data?

23. School health system evaluation Table 9.3 Rubric for converting data from qualitative evaluation - open-ended responses into merit ratings Is that a good way to do this? Are you happy with this table? If not, how do you want to improve it?

24. School health system evaluation Synthesis to draw overall conclusion Step-by-step Start with the strongest data (question 1) Blend with open-ended comments Finally take the satisfaction ratings into account See table 9.4 for the whole process

25. School health system evaluation How to draw final conclusion? Usefulness ratings Satisfaction ratings Open-ended comments Final coclusion: Merit of the nutrition program See table 9.4 Discuss how to apply this to your group project Using quantitative ratings to draw the suggested results and using qualitative ratings to find the positive or negative facts to re-adjust the results

26. Exercise Form your group project Discuss this case (p157-166) How to apply this to your group project? Lab

27. Qualitative (nonnumerical) weighting example 2 Bar A minimum level of performance on a specific dimension Performance below this cannot be compensated for by much better performance on other dimensions (see Exhibit 9.2) Hard hurdle (also referred as global bars) Overall passing requirement for an evaluand as a whole (see Exhibit 9.2) Soft hurdle Overall requirement for entry into a high rating category Place a limit on the maximum rating (e.g., I want all As for my classes)

28. Qualitative (nonnumerical) weighting example 2 Case: Evaluation of the learning capacity of a small biotechnology start-up company „biosleep“. Evaluation 27 subdimensions of organizational learning capacity (see table 9.5) Data collection: survey and interview Rubric: similar as Table8.2 Importance is built by using strategy 6 in Chapter 7 Using program theory and evidence of causal linkages (p118- 125)

29. Biosleep Evaluation Synthesis Pack the ratings on the subdimensions into 8 main dimensions Combine the ratings on these 8 main dimensions to draw an overall conclusion

30. Biosleep Dimension by dimension Layer by layer Sub-dimnention1 Sub-dimnention2 Sub-dimnention3 Sub-dimnention4 Dimnention1 Dimnention2 Overall rating

31. Biosleep Synthesis Subdimensions  Dimensions Using Table 9.6 to draw conclusions of dimentions based on subdimensions Using Table 9.6 to judge Table 9.5 and come out the result as Exhibit 9.4 Dimensions  overall evaluation Based on Table 9.7 (created based on literature review, What is your conclusion for the evaluation of Biosleep? And why?

32. Exericse Form your group project Discuss on how are you going to grade your evaluation? Which example you would like to follow? How to develop rubric for dimension and overall? Lab