1. Midterm Accelerator Test Facility development goals and new experimental possibilities Vitaly Yakimenko April 5, 2007

2. ATF development plan (Experimental program support) Support for current exponential program: –Efficient staff allocation 2.5 FTE to support accelerator operations, development 4 FTE to support laser systems operations, high voltage experimental systems and optical diagnostics, limited laser development and upgrades. 4 FTE facility support and maintenance (electrical, mechanical, computer control) 1.5 FTE administrative, safety Additional R&D (laser cavity, OSC) will be covered by temporary people and additional funding (LDRD, ILC, …) –Spare, interchangeable components –Reliability upgrades/fault proved components –Training/safety, simplified/standardized Experimental Safety Reviews –Scheduling based on goals instead of the fixed time –Remote experiments…

3. ATF development plan (Diagnostics) Beam quality –Photocathode laser beam shaping –Beam based alignment (Gun- Faraday cup) Beams diagnostics –Routine daily emittance/pulse length characterization –Each shot CO2 energy and pulse structure characterization Beam structures –~100 bunches, 24 ns spacing train was operated in the past –IFEL micro bunching at 10 micron was used in many experiments: (STELA, HGHG, PASER, …) –3-4 bunches spaced by 360-720 picoseconds were used for dielectric Wakefield experiments –Beam break up during compression was used for two beam PWFA –We will place additional effort to ease multibunch operation and its diagnostics

4. ATF development plan (program) X-band technology –Linac Compensated energy spread after compression Increase in top beam energy Detailed longitudinal tomography –Possibility for high gradient/high brightness beam experiments X-band waveguide-wiggler Deflection cavity Laser only experiments (EUV, Ion beam generation, …) – New experimental area, transport line Facility research complimentary to the main program –ILC positron source (High rep. rate CO2 cavity) –OSC test Electron beam energy upgrade

5. ATF development plan (laser) (Goals in this presentation, techniques in next) New photoinjector/CO2 slicing laser –Reliable technology –Shorter CO2 beams –3 dimensional profile control on the cathode Single pulse CO2 power increase –Study of the short pulse CO2 limit (1 ps @ 10 atm, 100 fs with isotopes) –Higher energy extraction 30J –Higher repetition rate, improved stability/predictability Laser cavity operations –~100KW average power laser beam optimized for Compton interaction (100-1000 times better than alternatives) –Sustained circulation of the 1J, 5ps laser pulse for few microseconds

6. X-bend installation timeline Modulator construction (03/2007) Low level RF (4/2007) Klystron repair and delivery (4/2007) Klystron test (5/2007) Linac section installation (8/2007) Plasma Wakefield Acceleration experiments and VISA would be the main beneficiary of this upgrade

7. X-bend installation Summary of beam parameters with and without x-bend section in the H line. S bend onlyWith X bend Maximum beam Energy75 MeV100 MeV Beam length (RMS)0.25 – 2.5 ps0.15 – 2.5 ps Energy spread (RMS)1 – 0.05 %0.25 – 0.1 % Energy chirp compensation in compressed beam Increase in beam energy available to experiments New capability for measurement and manipulation of longitudinal phase space

8. ATF Energy upgrade Energy upgrade to 1.5 GeV can be realized by adding recirculation loops Benefits are: –Multiple energies would be available –New experimental floor –No interference with existing operations –Relatively inexpensive… Space is available User input is being investigated… Cost of the upgrade was estimated at $3M Considerable man-power is needed to study and generate scientific case for AARD

9. Single pulse CO2 power increase Two directions: Pulse length and energy 30-50 J can be extracted from current amplifier with new windows ~1 picosecond should be achievable with new slicing laser Isotope mixtures can allow for 100fs beam amplification Combination of multiple effects needs careful studies: –Power broadening of the amplification bands –Pulse shortening due to media saturation –Nonlinear dispersion in windows –… “Dream beam” or “bubble” accelerator with 10 micron laser –High charge –Compton based X-ray source could have 10 27 (s mm 2 mrad 2 0.1%) -1 High gradients for acceleration based on nonlinear effects High energy/extreme brightness of ion beams 30J x 100fs : 0.3 Petawatt laser beam at 10 micron is stronger that any today laser for experiments based on pondormotive potential.

10. Electron interacting with a strong EM wave acquires energy where - dimensionless laser strength parameter. Thus, CO 2 laser ( =10  m) produces 100 times higher particle yield per 1 Joule to compare with presently used solid state lasers ( 1  m) provided that a threshold condition is reached. New prospects for laser-driven ion sources

11. Non scaling FFAG test with ion or/and electron beams (Thanks to S. Berg) FFAGs are useful when rapid acceleration is needed The have advantages over cyclotrons because –They can have smaller apertures –They can more easily reach relativistic energies Beam resonances prevent ordinary accelerators from having large energy spreads FFAGs have several methods for dealing with the fact that circulation time of the beam depends on energy

12. Conditions for Bubble formation (Thanks to A. Pukhov) Laser power threshold: Bubble can be formed in a finite window of plasma densities: laser trapped e - cavity Accelerated charge scales as: Final energy : 10 micron laser unlikely to offer record gradient in this application, but might solve problems for practical applications: higher charge, more stable, better controlled final energy.

13. Compton back scattering – compact sub 100 fs x ray sourse 0.5 ps 50J 5ps 50J “Dream beam” accelerator

14. In the proposal Polarized  -ray beam is generated in Compton backscattering inside optical cavity of CO 2 laser beam and 6 GeV e-beam produced by linac. The required intensities of polarized positrons are obtained due to 10 times increase of the “drive” e-beam charge (compared to non polarized case) and 5 to 10 consecutive IPs. Laser system relies on commercially available lasers but need R&D on a new mode of operation. 5ps, 10J CO 2 laser is operated at BNL/ATF. Conventional Non- Polarized Positrons: 6GeV 1A e - beam 60MeV  beam 30MeV e + beam  to e + conv. target ~2 m 5-ps, 1-J CO2 laser Polarized Positrons Source (PPS for ILC)

15. Laser cavity system amplifier 24ns ring cavities (8 pulses x 3ns spacing) 1J / pulse sustained for 8.5 ms IP#1IP#10 CO2 oscillator 8 pulses, 5ps, 10mJ (YAG laser) 8 x 200ps Kerr generator 8 x 5ps 1  J Regenerative amplifier amplifier 8x5ps 10mJ 8x300mJ BS TFP PC 8x 30mJ 5ps 8 x 1J 5ps 8x30mJ 8 x 1J 1x150ns Ge optical switch amplifier

16. LDRD – cavity tests Has a potential to increase average intra-cavity power ~100 times at 10.6 microns. Purpose of the test: Demonstration of 100-pulse train inside regenerative amplifier that incorporates Compton interaction point. Demonstration of linear-to- circular polarization inversion inside the laser cavity. Test of the high power injection scheme 3% over 1  s

17. “~100 times increase of the average intra-cavity power at 10  m” The required laser train format / repetition rate /average acting power at each IP: 100 pulses x 150Hz x 1J = 15 kW. Efficient interaction with electron beam requires short (~5ps) and powerful (~1-2J) laser beam. Such high-pressure laser does not exist. Non-destructive feature of Compton scattering allows putting interaction point inside laser cavity. We can keep and repetitively utilize a circulating laser pulse inside a cavity until nominal laser power is spent into mirror/windows losses. Assuming available 0.5 kW CO2 laser and 3% round-trip loss, 1-J pulse is maintained over 15,000 round trips/interactions (100 pulses x 150 Hz). Thus, 0.5 kW laser effectively acts as a 15 kW laser. Equivalent solid state ( 1  m) laser producing the same number of gamma photons should be 150 kW average power with ~10J, 5ps beam. Applications: –Compact femtoseconds x-ray source –X-ray source for RIA –Gamma collider laser –…

18. Compact femtoseconds x-ray source 50-100 MeV photo injector/LINAC combination producing train of 500 bunches (0.8 nC, 100fs, ~2  m) at 150Hz. CO2 laser cavity / few cavities (2J, 5ps, 500 turns) Head on Compton interaction X-ray energies 6-24 keV Peak brightness: 5x10 24 (s mm 2 mrad 2 0.1%) -1 Average brightness: 10 8 (s mm 2 mrad 2 0.1%) -1 ~10M$, 100 m 2 / 5 beam lines Real CCD images Nonlinear and linear x-rays

19. Potential for generating exotic beams of nuclei (Thanks to V. Litvinenko) Idea came from SPIRAL II Project (electron option) to use 45 MeV electron beam to generated 10-20 MeV Bremmstrahlung  -rays and use Giant Dipole Resonance (GDR) for photofission of 238 U into rare (neutron reach) nuclei http://ganinfo.in2p3.fr/research/developments/ spiral2/index.html http://ganinfo.in2p3.fr/research/developments/ spiral2/index.html Because of the hard-edge in the energy spectrum, an ERL-based Compton  -ray beam with high average power average is a better choice for such source BNL is developing both high-current high-energy ERLs and high power C0 2 lasers - the key ingredients of such source 3 GeV, 20 mA ERL (20 nC/bunch, 1 MHz rep-rate) in combination with four CO 2 lasers (2J/pulse, Rayleigh range of 0.2 cm, 500 Hz rep-rate x 500 reflections) will provide 90 kW (i.e. 4x10 16 /sec) of  -rays within the 10-20 MeV range of GDR This  -ray beam has very small divergence ~ 150  rad, and can be used to for photofission of 238 U to generate ~10 16 /sec nuclei, including exotic CO 2 lasers  -ray beam

20. OSC test at NSLS (VUV ring) (Thanks to S. Kramer, A. Zholents) 1 st stage: lattice control (time of flight) test –studies of mirror less FEL 2 nd stage: cooling rate measurement … Busy ring but Wigglers are already installed! Linear optics are very appropriate Hardware needed: –~6 Power supplies –Vacuum port, 2-3 windows –Additional nonlinear correction? –Optical parametric amplifier at ~1.5 micron Practical Layout Electron Beam Path Le = 51/2 = 25.5 M Jogged Optical Path (25 M) Electrical Cabinets

21. Conclusion Staff problems will be addressed in 2008 to improve user support. Quality of the beam will be improved with beam based alignment, better diagnostics, shaped laser and possibly new gun. X-band power should become available for experiments in 2007. High gradient, new beam diagnostic will studied. High brightness, short beam structure with bunch spacing from femtosecons to nanoseconds is important part of program at ATF. CO2 laser development will be directed towards tens of terawatt, sub-picosecond, stable and well diagnosed system. Additional sources of funding would be needed to investigate high rep. rate and cavity mode of operations.

22. Studies for TeV-LC Photoinjector CO2 laser/Compton based positron source Diagnostics (cavity based BPM, Tomography, …) Beam handling (IFEL “heating” before compression) Laser converter for Photon collider Many studies for high gradient …