1. Europe´s Land Management

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3. Task 1 A water power plant the surface of which covers the area of 10 km 2 and the dam is 100 metres high, uses 2 Francis turbines. The pipes bring 150m 3 of water per second to the turbine.

4. Compare the electricity performance of this plant with a photovoltaic one whose panels cover the same area. Water p.p. 264 600 kW´ Photovolt. 130 000 kW Water p.p. 241 400 kW´ Photovolt. 800-4 070 MW Water p.p. 132.4 kW. Photovolt. 12,061.34 kW Water p.p. 2·125 ·106w = 250 106w Photovolt. 1010 w/ 250·106w

5. Guess how much energy is produced in either of the plants per year. Water p.p. 8 344 425.6 gW/year Photovolt. Water p.p. 2.115 TWh Photovolt. 3.48 TWh Water p.p. 1,143,936 kWh /24 hours 285,984kWh / 6 hours Photovolt. 104,210,042.72 kWh per year Water p.p. 219*106 kwh Photovolt. 8760 *106 kwh

6. Find a hydro and photovoltaic plant nearby, compare their real performances and calculate the performances for 1m2. Water p.p. 74 501 MW/year Photovolt. 9 170kW/year Water p.p. 7.59 MW 3.4 W/m 2 Photovolt. 11.5 kW 119.8 W/m 2 Water p.p. 170,000,000.00 kWh 1,214.29 kWh per m² Photovolt. 980,000.00 kWh 42.61 kWh per m² Water p.p. 1839600Kwh/31 0*103m2= 5.93 Kwh/ m2 Photovolt. 1148878Kwh/ 7.109,36 m²=161.60 Kwh/ m2

7. How many tonnes of wheat, maize and potatoes are grown in your country on this area (10km2)? Wheat - 4620 tons Maize - 7000 tons Potatoes - 14020 tons Wheat - 5600 tons Maize - 7900 tons Potatoes - 29700 tons Wheat - 7000 tons Maize - 10000 tons Potatoes - 40000 tons Wheat - 3460 tons Maize - 3860 tons Potatoes - 15120 tons

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9. Task 2 A nuclear power plan works 7000 hours per year on average. A wind power plant works 1000 hours per year on average. The performance of the nuclear power plant is app. 2000 MW (e.g. Temelin), the performance of the wind power plant is app. 2 MW.

10. How many wind power plants would we have to build to replace the given nuclear power plant? We have to build 7 000 wind power plants to replace the nuclear power plants. We would have to build 7000 wind power plants. You need 7000 wind power plants. 2000 MW/2MW= 1000 wind power plants.

11. Try to find what area your country covers and work out what the average distance of all these wind power plants would be on this area. Bulgaria covers area of 111 000 km 2.One turbine needs 0,25 acres which is equivalent to one da. It means that there could be 111 000 000 turbines. CR covers area of 78866 km 2.One turbine needs 11,3 km 2. The distance between each power plant would be 3.36 km. Germany covers an area of 357,121.41 km². The square root is 597,600m divided by 7000 wind turbines equals a wind turbine every 85.37m In present, in Romania are installed wind power plants with a capacity of almost 2.000 MW, bigger than the power of the nuclear power plant from Cernavodă.

12. Try to look up what your country´s primary production of nuclear power is and what the primary production of renewable resources is. For the last year 2002 with all six blocks operating the nuclear power plant generated a record amount of electricity in its history – 20 221 719 MWh, with which it reached 47,3% share in the total electricity generation of the country. In 2010 the nuclear power plant “Kozloduy “ produced 15 248 605 MWh electricity which gives 33,13 % of national electricity for the year. Primary production of renewable resources in Bulgaria for 2011: Solar power - 101 GWh Hydropower - 251 TOE thousand (tones of oil equivalent) 2,917 GWh Wind power - 861 GWh Biomass and waste energy - 43,886 TJ (terajoule) 1,048 TOE thousand (tones of oil equivalent)

13. Total production: 80,44 TWh (7 580 571,5 TOE) Fossil production: 54,14 TWh (4 640 571,4 TOE) Nuclear production: 23,89 TWh (2 047 714,3 TOE) Hydro production: 2,25 TWh (192 857,1 TOE) Solar and wind production: 0,15 TWh (12 857,1 TOE) Biomass and waste production: 0,008 TWh (685,7 TOE) Try to look up what your country´s primary production of nuclear power is and what the primary production of renewable resources is.

14. Nuclear energy was in the year 2012 8 % of the whole energy production which was 13.512 PJ. Thus nuclear power plants have produced 1,080.96 PJ in 2012. Renewable energy has produced 11.7 percent of the whole energy production. So renewable energy has produced 1580.9 PJ of the whole energy production.

15. Try to look up what your country´s primary production of nuclear power is and what the primary production of renewable resources is. Nuclear pp produce a quantity of electric energy of 11,747 milions MWh, aproximately 18% from of the country's electricity consumption Dobrogea: Most wind turbines are located in Dobrogea, over 500. In Romania are installed in this moment over one thousand which produce 3% of total energy. The Dobrogea region, which consists of Constana and Tulcea counties, has the second- highest wind potential in Europe. The geothermal energy The thermal level of geothermal waters in the western part of the country is reduced: 30 – 900 C. In the Bihor county, the Oradea city provides hot water for 800 apartments, are heated 12 apartments, bathrooms, vegetal greenhouses, pools, hotels. The exploitation of geothermal sources from the country to produce electricity is impossible, because a geothermal generator assumes a huge initial pressure at temperature of the fluid of work of over 1500C. Biomass Romania has a high potential of renewable energy, especially hydro, eolian and biomass. The biomass, comes especially from agricultural waste (60%), and forest (20%). The biggest plant of cogeneration based on biomass from Romania is at Rădăui, with a capacity of 22 MW, of which 17 MW thermal energy and 5 MW electric power. There are some initiatives to use modern technologies based on saw dust in order to produce warmth, and the principle gasification the wood for cogeneration.

16. Usually energy is measured in J (joules), W (watts), Cal (callories) or TOE (tones of oil equivalent).J- It is equal to the energy expended (or work done) in applying a force of one newton through a distance of one metre (1 newton metre or Nm), or in passing an electric current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm for one second. It is named after the English physicist James Prescott Joule (1818–1889).GJ- is equal to one billion (109) joules. Six gigajoules is about the amount of potential chemical energy in a barrel of oil, when combusted.TJ- is equal to one trillion (1012) joules. W (watt) is a derived unit of power in the International System of Units (SI), named after the Scottish engineer James Watt (1736–1819). The unit, defined as one joule per second, measures the rate of energy conversion or transfer.The kilowatt KW is equal to one thousand (103) watts.The megawatt MW is equal to one million (106) watts.The gigawatt GW is equal to one billion (109) watts or 1 gigawatt = 1000 megawatts.joules = watts × secondsTOE (tones of oil equivalent) is equal to 42 GJ and 11,600 KWh. In what units are they given/measured? What does this unit mean? Convert the obtained values of energy into GJ.

17. It is measured in TWh or TOE 1 TOE (tonnes of oil equivalent) = 42 GJ [GJ]=[TWh]. 3 600 000

18. In what units are they given/measured? What does this unit mean? Convert the obtained values of energy into GJ? They are given/measured in kWh, MW and PJ. Wh= watt per hour, it’s a unit of energy which is equal to the amount of energy expended by one watt in one hour W= Watt is the unit in which you can measure the power of something. J= Joule, Joule is the unit in which you can measure work.

19. In what units are they given/measured? What does this unit mean? Convert the obtained values of energy into GJ. A megawatt (MW) is a decimal multiple of the derived unit of power in the International System of Units (SI) watt, which is defined as one joule per second. Power measures the rate of energy conversion or the rate at which work is done. One watt is the rate at which work is done when an object’s velocity is held constant at one meter per second against constant opposing force of one newton. In electromagnetism, one watt is defined as the rate at which work is done when one ampere of current flows across a potential difference of one volt. Example: A typical wind turbine can produce one or several megawatts of electrical power. 1 megawatt = 0.001 gigajoule/second 1 megawatt-hour = 3.6 gigajoule