1. 1 The Chemistry of Acids and Bases AP Chemistry Chapter 16

2. 2 Acid and Bases 16.1-16.2

3. 3 Acid and Bases 16.1-16.2

4. 4 Acid and Bases 16.1-16.2

5. 5 Acids Have a sour taste. Vinegar is a solution of acetic acid. Citrus fruits contain citric acid. React with certain metals to produce hydrogen gas. React with carbonates and bicarbonates to produce carbon dioxide gas Have a bitter taste. Feel slippery. Many soaps contain bases. Bases 16.1-16.2

6. 6 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ Corrode metals þ Electrolytes þ React with bases to form a salt and water þ pH is less than 7 þ Turns blue litmus paper to red “Blue to Red A-CID” 16.1-16.2

7. 7 Acid Nomenclature Review Binary  Ternary An easy way to remember which goes with which… “In the cafeteria, you ATE something ICky” 16.1-16.2

8. 8 Acid Nomenclature Flowchart 16.1-16.2

9. 9 HBr (aq)HBr (aq) H 2 CO 3H 2 CO 3 H 2 SO 3H 2 SO 3  hydrobromic acid  carbonic acid  sulfurous acid Acid Nomenclature Review 16.1-16.2

10. 10 Name ‘Em! HIHI HClHCl H 2 SO 3H 2 SO 3 HNO 3HNO 3 HCIO 4HCIO 4 16.1-16.2

11. 11 Some Properties of Bases  Produce OH - ions in water  Taste bitter, chalky  Are electrolytes  Feel soapy, slippery  React with acids to form salts and water  pH greater than 7  Turns red litmus paper to blue “Basic Blue” 16.1-16.2

12. 12 Some Common Bases NaOHsodium hydroxidelye KOHpotassium hydroxideliquid soap Ba(OH) 2 barium hydroxidestabilizer for plastics Mg(OH) 2 magnesium hydroxide“MOM” Milk of magnesia Al(OH) 3 aluminum hydroxideMaalox (antacid) Al(OH) 3 aluminum hydroxideMaalox (antacid) 16.1-16.2

13. 13 Acid/Base definitions Definition #1: Arrhenius (traditional) Acids – produce H + ions (or hydronium ions H 3 O + ) Bases – produce OH - ions (problem: some bases don’t have hydroxide ions!) 16.1-16.2

14. 14 Arrhenius acid is a substance that produces H + (H 3 O + ) in water Arrhenius base is a substance that produces OH - in water 16.1-16.2

15. 15 Acid/Base Definitions Definition #2: Brønsted – Lowry Acids – proton donor Bases – proton acceptor A “proton” is really just a hydrogen atom that has lost it’s electron! 16.1-16.2

16. 16 A Brønsted-Lowry acid is a proton donor A Brønsted-Lowry base is a proton acceptor acid conjugate base base conjugate acid 16.1-16.2

17. 17 ACID-BASE THEORIES The Brønsted definition means NH 3 is a BASE in water — and water is itself an ACID 16.1-16.2

18. 18 Conjugate Pairs 16.1-16.2

19. 19 Learning Check! Label the acid, base, conjugate acid, and conjugate base in each reaction: HCl + OH -  Cl - + H 2 O H 2 O + H 2 SO 4  HSO 4 - + H 3 O + 16.1-16.2

20. 20 Acids & Base Definitions Lewis acid - a substance that accepts an electron pair Lewis base - a substance that donates an electron pair Definition #3 – Lewis 16.11

21. 21 Formation of hydronium ion is also an excellent example. Lewis Acids & Bases Electron pair of the new O-H bond originates on the Lewis base.Electron pair of the new O-H bond originates on the Lewis base. 16.11

22. 22 Lewis Acid/Base Reaction 16.11

23. 23 Autoionzation of Water H 2 O can function as both an ACID and a BASE. In pure water there can be AUTOIONIZATION Equilibrium constant for water = K w K w = [H 3 O + ] [OH - ] = 1.00 x 10 -14 at 25 o C 16.3

24. 24 More About Water In a neutral solution [H 3 O + ] = [OH - ] Autoionization 16.3

25. 25 Acidic solution [H + ] > [OH - ] Neutral solution [H + ] = [OH - ] Basic solution [H + ] < [OH - ] Strength 16.3 End of 16.3

26. 26 Practice! Autoionization of Water Practice Problem Calculate the concentration of H + ions (aq) in (a) a solution in which [OH-] is 0.010 M (b) a solution in which [OH-] is 2.0 x 10-9 M

27. 27 The pH scale is a way of expressing the strength of acids and bases. Instead of using very small numbers, we just use the NEGATIVE power of 10 on the Molarity of the H + (or OH - ) ion. Under 7 = acid 7 = neutral Over 7 = base pH Scale

28. 28 pH of Common Substances

29. 29 pH in Life The Hydrangea macrophylla blossoms in pink or blue, depending on soil pH.Hydrangea macrophyllapinkblue In acidic soils, the flowers are blue; in alkaline soils, the flowers are pink.

30. 30 Calculating the pH pH = - log [H+] (Remember that the [ ] mean Molarity) Example: If [H + ] = 1 X 10 -10 pH = - log 1 X 10 -10 pH = - (- 10) pH = 10 Example: If [H + ] = 1.8 X 10 -5 pH = - log 1.8 X 10 -5 pH = - (- 4.74) pH = 4.74

31. 31 Try These! Find the pH of these: For Example: A sample of freshly pressed apple juice has a pH of 3.76. Calculate the [H + ]. 1)A 0.15 M solution of Hydrochloric acid 2) A 3.00 X 10 -7 M solution of Nitric acid

32. 32 pH calculations – Solving for H+ If the pH of Coke is 3.12, [H + ] = ??? Because pH = - log [H + ] then - pH = log [H + ] - pH = log [H + ] Take antilog (10 x ) of both sides and get 10 -pH = [H + ] [H + ] = 10 -3.12 = 7.6 x 10 -4 M *** to find antilog on your calculator, look for “Shift” or “2 nd function” and then the log button *** to find antilog on your calculator, look for “Shift” or “2 nd function” and then the log button

33. 33 pH calculations – Solving for H+ A solution has a pH of 8.5. What is the Molarity of hydrogen ions in the solution?A solution has a pH of 8.5. What is the Molarity of hydrogen ions in the solution? pH = - log [H + ] 8.5 = - log [H + ] -8.5 = log [H + ] Antilog -8.5 = antilog (log [H + ]) 10 -8.5 = [H + ] 3.16 X 10 -9 = [H + ] pH = - log [H + ] 8.5 = - log [H + ] -8.5 = log [H + ] Antilog -8.5 = antilog (log [H + ]) 10 -8.5 = [H + ] 3.16 X 10 -9 = [H + ]

34. 34 pOH Since acids and bases are opposites, pH and pOH are opposites!Since acids and bases are opposites, pH and pOH are opposites! pOH does not really exist, but it is useful for changing bases to pH.pOH does not really exist, but it is useful for changing bases to pH. pOH looks at the perspective of a basepOH looks at the perspective of a base pOH = - log [OH - ] Since pH and pOH are on opposite ends, pH + pOH = 14

35. 35 pH [H + ] [OH - ] pOH

36. 36 [H 3 O + ], [OH - ] and pH What is the pH of the 0.0010 M NaOH solution? [OH-] = 0.0010 (or 1.0 X 10 -3 M) pOH = - log 0.0010 pOH = - log 0.0010 pOH = 3 pOH = 3 pH = 14 – 3 = 11 OR K w = [H 3 O + ] [OH - ] [HO + ] = 1.0 x 10 -11 M [H 3 O + ] = 1.0 x 10 -11 M pH = - log (1.0 x 10 -11 ) = 11.00

37. 37 The pH of rainwater collected in a certain region of the northeastern United States on a particular day was 4.82. What is the H + ion concentration of the rainwater? The OH - ion concentration of a blood sample is 2.5 x 10 -7 M. What is the pH of the blood?

38. 38 Calculating [H 3 O + ], pH, [OH - ], and pOH Problem 1: A chemist dilutes concentrated hydrochloric acid to make two solutions: (a) 3.0 M and (b) 0.0024 M. Calculate the [H 3 O + ], pH, [OH - ], and pOH of the two solutions at 25°C. Problem 2: What is the [H 3 O + ], [OH - ], and pOH of a solution with pH = 3.67? Is this an acid, base, or neutral? Problem 3: Problem #2 with pH = 8.05?

39. 39 HNO 3, HCl, H 2 SO 4 and HClO 4 are among the only known strong acids. Strong and Weak Acids/Bases The strength of an acid (or base) is determined by the amount of IONIZATION.

40. 40 Strong and Weak Acids/Bases Generally divide acids and bases into STRONG or WEAK ones.Generally divide acids and bases into STRONG or WEAK ones. STRONG ACID: HNO 3 (aq) + H 2 O (l) ---> H 3 O + (aq) + NO 3 - (aq) HNO 3 is about 100% dissociated in water.

41. 41 Weak acids are much less than 100% ionized in water.Weak acids are much less than 100% ionized in water. One of the best known is acetic acid = CH 3 CO 2 H Strong and Weak Acids/Bases

42. 42 Strong Base: 100% dissociated in water.Strong Base: 100% dissociated in water. NaOH (aq) ---> Na + (aq) + OH - (aq) NaOH (aq) ---> Na + (aq) + OH - (aq) Strong and Weak Acids/Bases Other common strong bases include KOH and Ca(OH) 2. CaO (lime) + H 2 O --> Ca(OH) 2 (slaked lime) Ca(OH) 2 (slaked lime) CaO

43. 43 Weak base: less than 100% ionized in waterWeak base: less than 100% ionized in water One of the best known weak bases is ammonia NH 3 (aq) + H 2 O (l)  NH 4 + (aq) + OH - (aq) Strong and Weak Acids/Bases

44. 44 Weak Bases

45. 45 Equilibria Involving Weak Acids and Bases Consider acetic acid, HC 2 H 3 O 2 (HOAc) HC 2 H 3 O 2 + H 2 O  H 3 O + + C 2 H 3 O 2 - Acid Conj. base (K is designated K a for ACID) K gives the ratio of ions (split up) to molecules (don’t split up)

46. 46 Ionization Constants for Acids/Bases Acids ConjugateBases Increase strength

47. 47 Equilibrium Constants for Weak Acids Weak acid has K a < 1 Leads to small [H 3 O + ] and a pH of 2 - 7

48. 48 Equilibrium Constants for Weak Bases Weak base has K b < 1 Leads to small [OH - ] and a pH of 12 - 7

49. 49 Relation of K a, K b, [H 3 O + ] and pH

50. 50 Equilibria Involving A Weak Acid You have 1.00 M HOAc. Calc. the equilibrium concs. of HOAc, H 3 O +, OAc -, and the pH. Step 1. Define equilibrium concs. in ICE table. [HOAc][H 3 O + ][OAc - ] [HOAc][H 3 O + ][OAc - ]initialchangeequilib 1.0000 -x+x+x 1.00-xxx

51. 51 Equilibria Involving A Weak Acid Step 2. Write K a expression You have 1.00 M HOAc. Calc. the equilibrium concs. of HOAc, H 3 O +, OAc -, and the pH. This is a quadratic. Solve using quadratic formula. or you can make an approximation if x is very small! (Rule of thumb: 10 -5 or smaller is ok)

52. 52 Equilibria Involving A Weak Acid Step 3. Solve K a expression You have 1.00 M HOAc. Calc. the equilibrium concs. of HOAc, H 3 O +, OAc -, and the pH. First assume x is very small because K a is so small. Now we can more easily solve this approximate expression.

53. 53 Equilibria Involving A Weak Acid Step 3. Solve K a approximate expression You have 1.00 M HOAc. Calc. the equilibrium concs. of HOAc, H 3 O +, OAc -, and the pH. x = [ H 3 O + ] = [ OAc - ] = 4.2 x 10 -3 M pH = - log [ H 3 O + ] = -log (4.2 x 10 -3 ) = 2.37

54. 54 Equilibria Involving A Weak Acid Calculate the pH of a 0.0010 M solution of formic acid, HCO 2 H. HCO 2 H + H 2 O  HCO 2 - + H 3 O + HCO 2 H + H 2 O  HCO 2 - + H 3 O + K a = 1.8 x 10 -4 Approximate solution [H 3 O + ] = 4.2 x 10 -4 M, pH = 3.37 [H 3 O + ] = 4.2 x 10 -4 M, pH = 3.37 Exact Solution [H 3 O + ] = [HCO 2 - ] = 3.4 x 10 -4 M [H 3 O + ] = [HCO 2 - ] = 3.4 x 10 -4 M [HCO 2 H] = 0.0010 - 3.4 x 10 -4 = 0.0007 M [HCO 2 H] = 0.0010 - 3.4 x 10 -4 = 0.0007 M pH = 3.47 pH = 3.47

55. 55 Equilibria Involving A Weak Base You have 0.010 M NH 3. Calc. the pH. NH 3 + H 2 O  NH 4 + + OH - NH 3 + H 2 O  NH 4 + + OH - K b = 1.8 x 10 -5 Step 1. Define equilibrium concs. in ICE table [NH 3 ][NH 4 + ][OH - ] [NH 3 ][NH 4 + ][OH - ]initialchangeequilib 0.01000 -x+x+x 0.010 - xx x

56. 56 Equilibria Involving A Weak Base You have 0.010 M NH 3. Calc. the pH. NH 3 + H 2 O  NH 4 + + OH - NH 3 + H 2 O  NH 4 + + OH - K b = 1.8 x 10 -5 Step 1. Define equilibrium concs. in ICE table [NH 3 ][NH 4 + ][OH - ] [NH 3 ][NH 4 + ][OH - ]initialchangeequilib 0.01000 -x+x+x 0.010 - xx x

57. 57 Equilibria Involving A Weak Base You have 0.010 M NH 3. Calc. the pH. NH 3 + H 2 O  NH 4 + + OH - NH 3 + H 2 O  NH 4 + + OH - K b = 1.8 x 10 -5 Step 2. Solve the equilibrium expression Assume x is small, so x = [OH - ] = [NH 4 + ] = 4.2 x 10 -4 M x = [OH - ] = [NH 4 + ] = 4.2 x 10 -4 M and [NH 3 ] = 0.010 - 4.2 x 10 -4 ≈ 0.010 M The approximation is valid!

58. 58 Equilibria Involving A Weak Base You have 0.010 M NH 3. Calc. the pH. NH 3 + H 2 O  NH 4 + + OH - NH 3 + H 2 O  NH 4 + + OH - K b = 1.8 x 10 -5 Step 3. Calculate pH [OH - ] = 4.2 x 10 -4 M so pOH = - log [OH - ] = 3.37 Because pH + pOH = 14, pH = 10.63

59. 59 Types of Acid/Base Reactions: Summary

60. 60 pH testing There are several ways to test pHThere are several ways to test pH –Blue litmus paper (red = acid) –Red litmus paper (blue = basic) –pH paper (multi-colored) –pH meter (7 is neutral, 7 base) –Universal indicator (multi-colored) –Indicators like phenolphthalein –Natural indicators like red cabbage, radishes

61. 61 Paper testing Paper tests like litmus paper and pH paperPaper tests like litmus paper and pH paper –Put a stirring rod into the solution and stir. –Take the stirring rod out, and place a drop of the solution from the end of the stirring rod onto a piece of the paper –Read and record the color change. Note what the color indicates. –You should only use a small portion of the paper. You can use one piece of paper for several tests.

62. 62 pH paper

63. 63 pH meter Tests the voltage of the electrolyteTests the voltage of the electrolyte Converts the voltage to pHConverts the voltage to pH Very cheap, accurateVery cheap, accurate Must be calibrated with a buffer solutionMust be calibrated with a buffer solution

64. 64 pH indicators Indicators are dyes that can be added that will change color in the presence of an acid or base. Some indicators only work in a specific range of pH Once the drops are added, the sample is ruined Some dyes are natural, like radish skin or red cabbage