1. Benchmarking Of Library Web Sites Brian Kelly UK Web Focus UKOLN University of Bath Email B.Kelly@ukoln.ac.uk UKOLN is supported by: Penny Garrod Public Library Networking Focus UKOLN University of Bath Email P.Garrod@ukoln.ac.uk

2. 2 Contents Introduction Background to Benchmarking at UKOLN Benchmarking UK Public Library Web Sites for Accessibility and Usability Survey Methodologies Limitations of Approach Where to from here? BK

3. 3 UKOLN UKOLN: National focus of expertise in digital information management Based at University of Bath Funded by JISC (HE and FE sector) and Resource: The Council for Museums, Archives and Libraries, together with project funding (e.g. EU and JISC) About 27 FTEs Carries out applied research (e.g. in metadata), software development and provides policy and advisory services BK

4. 4 UK Web Focus UK Web Focus: Funded by JISC to provide advice on Web developments to UK Higher & Further Education Public Library Networking Focus: Funded by Resource and JISC to provide advice on networking issues to UK Public Library Sector Synergies The Focus posts will be increasingly working together to maximise benefits to the two sectors and to support the development of community working across these sectors BK

5. 5 WebWatch Project WebWatch project: Initially funded for 1 year in 1997 by BLRIC to develop and use automated robot software to analyse Web developments across various UK communities Once funding finished the work continued, but made use of (mainly) freely available Web services to analyse various features of Web site communities Supports community-building work across UK HE/FE Web managers (sharing, not flaming) See BK

6. 6 WebWatch Surveys Search Engines Used To Index UK HE Web Sites:  ht://Dig most popular and growing in popularity followed by an MS solution  Interest in licensed Ultraseek/Inktomi solution  Interest in externally-hosted indexers (e.g. Google)  Surprising number of institutions with no search facility  See Nos. of Links:  Cambridge has most (231,000 links to all servers)  Sheffield has the most to a single server (46,000)  See Nos. Of Web Servers:  Cambridge has most (200+)  See BK

7. 7 Update On Search Engines Sept 1999   ht://Dig: 25  Excite: 19   Microsoft: 12  Harvest: 8   Ultraseek: 7  SWISH: 5   Other: 23  None: 59 Jan 2002:   ht://Dig: 48  Microsoft: 17   Ultraseek/Inktomi: 12  Google: 11   Excite: 5  Webinator: 5   Others: 22  None: 29 The growth in popularity of ht://Dig, the unexpected appearance of the Google externally-hosted service and the move from SWISH and Harvest would not have been noticed without the snapshots. The discussion of surveys informed decision-making. NOTE BK

8. 8 Benchmarking WebWatch approach of monitoring UK HE Web sites can be extended into a benchmarking exercise: Making comparisons with peers Checking compliance with standards Checking compliance with community or funders guidelines (e.g. e-Government guidelines) This has advantages for organisations: Observing best practices and learning from them Ditto for bad practices Community building and some potential disadvantages:  Establishment of leagues tables  Inappropriate comparisons  Penalty clauses for failure to comply with standards This has advantages for organisations: Observing best practices and learning from them Ditto for bad practices Community building and some potential disadvantages:  Establishment of leagues tables  Inappropriate comparisons  Penalty clauses for failure to comply with standards BK

9. Benchmarking Library Web Sites WebWatch approach has been applied to a small number of UK Public Library Web sites: Small selection chosen in order to:  Keep resource requirements to a minimum  Validate methodology  Gauge interest in this approach Survey sample :  Focus on Public Library Web sites  Survey undertaken in February 2002 Details of survey available from PG

10. 10 Benchmarking Public Library Web Sites Choosing the sample: Web sites nominated for the EARL * ‘Best on the Web Awards’ competition 1999  16 Public Library websites nominated from across the UK  judging criteria for award available from the ‘Wayback Machine’: http://web.archive.org/http://web.archive.org/  includes: good web site design and planning; information content; interactive features; Internet resources * EARL ceased to operate in Sept 2001 PG

11. 11 Survey Methodology 1 Analysis of domain names 2 Analysis of 404 error pages 3 WAVE analysis (accessibility tool) 4 BOBBY (accessibility tool) 5 Analysis of search facilities Small scale survey to compare accessibility of Home Pages plus existence of basic usability functions PG

12. 1. Domain Names Findings Survey looks at entry points which are the domain name The survey notes that majority of Public Libraries currently use.gov.uk domain Discussion Do the domains have a short, memorable URL? Are a variety of top level domains used that will confuse the end user? Note: naming conventions: “local authorities may generally use the format “area.gov.uk” unless there is the possibility of confusion with another authority (e.g. city and county)” From: “Moderning government: framework for information age government websites” at

13. 13 2. 404 Error Page Information on the 404 error page will be provided: Findings How many sites use a default 404 error message How many sites use a lightly branded error message, How many sites provide rich functionality? Issues The 404 error page is (sadly) likely to be widely accessed It is desirable that it:  Reflects the Web sites ‘look-and-feel’  Provides functionality to assist a user who is ‘lost’:  Provides access to a search facility / site map  Provides contact details The 404 page can also be context-sensitive (e.g. different pages for users following a local link / remote link / no link) PG

14. 3. Accessibility Entry points were examined for compliance with W3C WAI (Web Accessibility Initiative) Accessibility Guidelines Web-based tools used: [1] the WAVE 2.01 http://www.temple.edu/inst_disabilities/piat/wave  Pennsylvania’s Initiative on Assistive Technology (PIAT)  Does not tell you if page is accessible - no tool does this  Adds icons and text to page to help you judge if its accessible - use downloadable tutorial  Requires exercise of judgment and provides information to help you make that judgment PG

15. 15 4. Accessibility continued Web-based tools used: [2] Bobby: http://www.cast.org/bobby/http://www.cast.org/bobby/ You need to select the guidelines to use: 1Web Accessibility Initiative: WAI World Wide Web Consortium's ( W3C) Web Content Accessibility GuidelinesWeb Accessibility InitiativeWeb Content Accessibility Guidelines 2Section 508 guidelines developed by the U.S. Federal Government.Section 508 guidelines Select 1 the WAI option PG

16. 5.Search Facility Information on search facilities will be provided: Findings Number of sites with a search facility: [68% of sample] Is the search facility working? [2 very slow so gave up; 1 not available at time] Issues user expectations: many head straight for the search facility as they know what they’re looking for It can take < 30 minutes (and little technical expertise) to make an externally hosted search engine available - suitable for simple static Web sites (not many people know this) PG

17. Evaluating The Results Accessibility issues How many sites have nil WAI Priority 1 errors? Are WAVE and Bobby results consistent - are there glaring differences? Issues  Compliance with accessibility standards is important for ensuring access to resources for people with a range of disabilities (e.g. dyslexia)  Compliance with accessibility standards may be an organisational requirement and a legal requirement: Disability Discrimination Act 1995 & the Human Rights Act 1998.  Compliance benefits everyone - not just those with disabilities - it improves general usability.  Meeting the UK Government agenda: delivering e- government; social inclusion; lifelong learning etc. PG

19. 19 Limitations Of Survey Limitations of this type of benchmarking approach include: Lack of standards Limitations of the tools Resources needed to carry out surveys Scoping of library sites and invalid comparisons Automated approach fails to address content issues which require a manual approach results of automated tools (e.g. Bobby/WAVE) often require interpretation by humans BK

20. 20 Limitations - Standards There is a lack of standards to support benchmarking work (or conflicting standards). For example: Size of a page How do you measure the size of the library’s entry point? You need this in order to make comparisons and if, say, you have guidelines on the maximum file size. Problems  What do you measure (HTML file, inline images, external CSS and JavaScript files, …)?  Changes in file content (e.g. user-agent negotiation, news content, frames and refresh elements, etc.)  How do you handle the robot exclusion protocol (REP) NOTE: Bobby and NetMechanic work differently: the former only measure HTML and images, the latter obeys the REP BK

21. Limitations - Tools Definitions: Auditing tools tend to make implicit definitions (e.g. measuring page size). Different results may be obtained if different tools used (or if vendor changes its definition) Use of Web-based auditing services Talk has described use of (mainly free) Web-based services The providers may change their policy Use of the URL interface to pass parameters (rather than direct use of the form on the Web page) may not be allowed Use of desktop auditing tools Use of desktop tools avoids the problems of change control of Web based services It may be difficult for others to reproduce findings BK

22. 22 Limitations - Resources It can be time-consuming to: Maintain URL of entry point to library Web sites (need to have close links with provider of central portal) Manage the input to the variety of Web-based services Process the output from the Web-based services (current need to initiate inquiry, wait for results and manually copy and paste results) BK

23. 23 Limitations – Scope of Web Site Scope What is a Library Web site? What is not part of a Library Web site? It can be difficult to answer these questions. There are no standard ways to define a “Web site” other than by use of domain names and directory structures Even directory structures can be inadequate if they are not used correctly Comparisons It may not to sensible to make comparisons between libraries of different types and sizes BK

24. 24 Limitations – Automated Only Use of an automated approach: Would not (easily) address content issues Has been supplemented with manual observations (e.g. home page, 404 page & search engine page) However: An automated approach can be more objective and reproducible An automated approach should be less resource- intensive (once software has been set up to maintain links to resources, surveys sites and process results) A automated approach could be used in conjunction with a manual survey (of a representative sample set of resources) BK

25. 25 Beyond A Pilot Despite the limitations which have been described, would a comprehensive and systematic benchmark of, say, UK Library Web sites be of benefit? Can we address the resource issues? Are the lack of standards being addressed? Can we find someone to do the work? Should the focus be developmental? Can the work be extended to provide notification of problems (e.g. search engine not working)? What may happen if we don’t do this? Might we find that funders set up inappropriate or flawed performance indicators? What may happen if we don’t do this? Might we find that funders set up inappropriate or flawed performance indicators? BK

26. 26 A Model For Implementation The benchmarking process can be made less time-consuming if a more flexible model for managing the data was used At present we seem to have a HTML page with links to library Web sites Unfortunately HTML pages are difficult to repurpose Page for viewing Page for input to Web services A better model is to store links in a neutral databases, and to generate pages for viewing by end users and for input into benchmarking Web services The database could also be reused for other purposes e.g. checking links and email notifications of problems BK

27. Towards “Web Services” Background Web initially implemented for provision of information CGI allowed users to input data and provided integration with backend applications Techniques described use URL as input to auditing service. However this provides limited functionality and is susceptible to vagaries of marketplace Future “Web Services” will support machine integration by providing a standard messaging infrastructure which uses HTTP protocol XML output (e.g. EARL) will provide a neutral format for benchmarking output, and can describe benchmarking environment (EARL is RDF) BK

28. Need For Standard Definitions There is a need for standard definitions of terminology such as Web page, visit, unique visit, session, etc. in order to ensure that meaningful and objective comparisons can be made The market place is addressing current deficiencies within Web Advertising and Web Auditing communities (and there are financial incentives for this to be solved) With the growth in e-governments internationally and governments setting targets (X% of government work to be carried about electronically by 2005) BK

29. Doing The Work If there is further interest, who should do the work? Who? Funding body Auditing body Single Regional Agency Project partners What? Why? Other(s) current/new remit Research interest Dissemination benefits community Maintain central database Software development Student project Producing reports Benchmarking Work Researcher Best Value - Performance Indicators e.g. BV157 - electronic interactions PG

30. 30 What Next? To summarise: Approach to the automated benchmarking of a small set of Public Library Web sites has been shown Implications of the findings have been discussed There are limitations of the methodology It is suggested that: Despite the limitations of benchmarking the approach can aid:  Community building  Learning from successes and mistakes  Performance Measurement/Best Value Review Are there advantages in carrying out this work on a regional/local basis/with existing partners basis? PG

31. 31 Questions Any questions? PG

32. 32 Useful resources How people with Disabilities Use the Web: W3C working draft, 4 January 2001 (Human Computer Interaction) http://www.w3.org/WAI/EO/Drafts/PWD-Use- Web/20010104.html http://www.w3.org/WAI/EO/Drafts/PWD-Use- Web/20010104.html Bobby: http://www.cast.org/bobby/http://www.cast.org/bobby/ WAVE: http://www.temple.edu/inst_disabilities/piat/wave/ http://www.temple.edu/inst_disabilities/piat/wave/ PG