1. Summary Writing in California

2. Analytic Summary * Comprehensive and brief * Concise statement * Short version * Condensation * Sum and substance Paraphrase Summary * Restatement of text or passage * Giving the meaning in another form * Rewording for clearness * Restate, reword, rephrase * State in other words * Shorter than original *About the same length as original text – may be shorter depending on the amount of important information 2005 Kiting; Bonsai Trees 2002 Frog and Toad ;Beavers

3. states the main ideas of the article identifies the most important details that support the main ideas uses his own words. uses correct grammar, spelling, punctuation, and capitalization. Source: California Department of Education Website

4. For the summary writing tasks in grade four, students were expected to summarize main ideas and important details in their own words. Students who did well included only information that was in the original article and avoided extraneous commentary. Effective summaries were organized in a logical order.

5. Skills Necessary for Effective Summary Writing Identifying the overall big idea Identifying main ideas within a passage Identifying important details within a passage Identifying and replicating text structures Varying sentence structures to restate or combine ideas Vocabulary instruction related to synonyms and relating ideas “in other words.”

7. Combining Ideas using different sentence structures Hardness is a property of minerals.

8. Luster, a mineral’s shininess, is a property of minerals

9. Color is a property of minerals

10. Hardness, luster, and color are all properties of minerals. The properties of minerals are hardness, luster, and color. Hardness is a property of minerals. Luster, a mineral’s shininess, is a property of minerals Color is a property of minerals

11. Rocks come in different colors

12. Rocks come in different textures. Rough smooth

13. Rocks come in different sizes.

14. Rocks come in different colors, textures, and sizes. Colors, textures, and sizes are all different among rocks. Rocks come in different colors Rocks come in different textures. Rocks come in sizes.

15. Granite is made with the mineral quartz.

16. Granite is made with the mineral feldspar.

17. Granite is made with the mineral Mica.

18. Granite is made with the mineral quartz. Granite is made with the mineral feldspar. Granite is made with the mineral mica. Granite is made with quartz, feldspar, and mica minerals. The minerals that make up granite are quartz, feldspar, and mica.

19. Wind causes weathering.

20. Water causes weathering.

21. Plants cause weathering.

22. Weathering is caused by wind water and plants. Wind, water, and plants cause weathering.

23. Reorganize sentence to vary your sentence Example: Erosion is the carrying of weathering rock and soil from place to place. Sentenced reorganized: The carrying of weathering rock and soil from place to place is called weathering.

24. Reorganizing sentences Example: Gravity is a force that pulls all objects toward each other. Reorganize: A force that pulls all objects towards each other is called gravity.

25. Reorganized sentences Example: Gravity causes water to run downhill. Reorganize: Water that runs downhill is caused by gravity.

26. Reorganized sentences Example: Strong winds pick up sandy soil and move it to new places Reorganized Sandy soil is moved to new places by strong winds.

27. Reorganized sentence Example: Weathering and erosion change the earth’s surface. Reorganized: The earth’s surface is changed by weathering and erosion.

28. Reorganizing sentences Example: Deposition is the process of dropping, or depositing sediment or soil in a new location. Reorganized The process of dropping or depositing sediment or soil in a new location is called deposition.

29. Mountains, canyons, and plateaus are physical features on earth’s surface. Earth’s surface have physical features such as mountains, canyons and plateaus. Mountains are a physical feature on earth’s surface. Canyons are a physical feature on earth’s surface. Plateaus are a physical feature on earth’s surface.

30. Skills Necessary for Effective Summary Writing Identifying the overall big idea Identifying main ideas within a passage Identifying important details within a passage Identifying and replicating text structures Varying sentence structures to restate or combine ideas Vocabulary instruction related to synonyms and relating ideas “in other words.”

31. Put It in Your Own Words (Paraphrasing) I am going on an expedition to explore ancient rocks! In other words, Your leaving on a trip or outing to investigate old rocks!

32. Paraphrasing is the ability or skill of using synonyms or other words to rephrase a sentence. Example: Water weathers rock in several ways. Breaks downMore than one Paraphrased sentence: Water breaks down rock in more than one manner. manner

33. Paraphrasing is the ability or skill of using synonyms or other words to rephrase a sentence. Example: Flowing water tumbles rocks against each other, breaking them into smaller pieces and smoothing their edges. Paraphrased sentence: Moving water causes rocks to fall on top of each other, weathering them into tiny parts and flattening their edges. moving Causes rocks to fall on top of each other Weathering into tiny parts flattening

34. Paraphrasing is the ability or skill of using synonyms or other words to rephrase a sentence. Example: Water can erode great amounts of sediment. Paraphrased sentence: Water can move large portions of broken tiny pieces of rock. move Large portions broken tiny pieces of rock

35. Paraphrasing is the ability or skill of using synonyms or other words to rephrase a sentence. Example: Sediment from weathered cliffs is eroded by waves and deposited as new sand on beaches. Paraphrased sentence: Deposits from broken down mountain’s edges is moved by waves and dropped as fresh sand on the beaches. deposits Broken down Mountain’s edges moved dropped fresh

36. Paraphrasing is the ability or skill of using synonyms or other words to rephrase a sentence. Example: Wind erosion has shaped some of the world’s most unusual landforms. Paraphrased sentence: Wind erosion has formed some of earth’s most unique physical features. formed earth unique Physical features

37. Rocks & Minerals Vocabulary

38. Landforms: Earth’s physical features mountainsvalleysplains Landform RL: are examples of a Landform canyons Landform as

39. Erosion: the process of moving sediment form one place to another Wind eroding rock and sand. Water eroding rock landforms

40. Word Form RL: is the verb form of erode Erosion weather weathering deposit deposition as Water erosion erodes great amounts of sediment.

41. Sediment: tiny pieces or particles of broken rock and sand

42. Weathering: the process of breaking down rock into soil, sand, and other tiny pieces

43. Deposition: The process dropping or depositing sediment in a new location Rivers deposit sediment along its banks.

44. Deltas: are the mouths of rivers Rivers build deltas with the sediment theycarry.

45. Mass Movement: The downhill movement of rock and soil because of gravity. Avalanches are examples of mass movements.

46. Glaciers: Massive or enormous body of ice

47. Mineral: a solid material with particles that have a repeating pattern Galena calcitemagnetite

48. Streak: is the color of powder left behind when you rub a mineral against a white tile called a streak plate

49. Luster (shininess): describes the way the outside or surface of the mineral reflect light.

50. Hardness: the mineral’s ability to resist being scratched. Moh’s Hardness Scale How can you identify a fake diamond?

51. Rocks are made up of minerals Granite Granite is made with the mineral quartz. Granite is made with the mineral feldspar. Granite is made with the mineral mica.

52. Igneous Rocks are rocks that a form when melted rock hardens. Basalt Pumice Granite

53. Harden: become firm and solid Igneous rocks is made when lava cools and hardens.

54. Sedimentary Rocks are formed by layers of sediments squeezed together and stuck together over a long period of time.

55. Metamorphic Rock is a rock changed by heat or pressure, but not melted Schist

56. Compaction: the process of pressing sediment tightly together

57. Cementation: the process of sediment cementing or hardening together to form into a sedimentary rock

58. Fine grained: rocks that contain small mineral pieces. You need a microscope to see the minerals that make up a fined grained rock.

60. Main Idea and Supporting Details

61. Rocks that form when melted rock hardens are called igneous rock. Lava is melted rock that reaches Earth’s surface through a volcano. Lava cools and hardens before large mineral crystals have time to form. Rocks formed from lava have small mineral pieces are called fined grained. Usually their mineral crystals can be seen with a microscope. Main Idea: Rocks that form when melted rock hardens are called igneous rock. ( paraphrase or restructure ) Igneous rock is solidified melted rock. Before mineral crystals are created, lava cools and becomes firm Igneous rock created from lava with tiny mineral particles are called fined grained. You can see these tiny mineral crystals using a microscope. Granite

62. Main Idea and Supporting Details Melted rock that stays below Earth’s surface is called magma. Magma cools and hardens slowly. Its minerals can form large grains that are easy to see. Igneous rocks formed from slowly cooling magma are called course- grained. Main Idea: Melted rock that stays below Earth’s surface is called magma. (state in your own words, paraphrase) Magma is melted rock that is located below our planet’s surface. Magma slowly cools and becomes firm Their grains are easy to see because of their big size. Course grained are what igneous rocks are named when they are created from magma.

63. Main Idea and Supporting Details When erosion is caused by water, over time the rock pieces drop to the bottom of streams, rivers, or lakes. The material that dropped is called sediment. Over a long period of time, layers of sediment can form sedimentary rock as they are squeezed and stuck together. Main Idea: Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediment. (state in your own words, paraphrase or reorganize) Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediment. Water erosion causes rock to be deposited at the bottom of bodies of water. Sediment are particles that are deposited Layers of sediment are compressed and compacted together to form sedimentary rock over a long number of year.

64. Main Idea and Supporting Details Most sediments are dropped by moving water it slows down, such as when a river or stream enters a lake. The largest pieces of weathered rock are dropped first.Conglomerate is a type of sedimentary rock that can form from these larger pieces. The pieces in a conglomerate can be as big as boulders or as small as peas. In a conglomerate, the pieces are round and smooth. Most conglomerates form in shallow water. Main Idea: Conglomerates are types of sedimentary rocks. (state in your own words, paraphrase or reorganize) Conglomerates are types of sedimentary rock. Conglomerates form from large pieces of sediment Conglomerates can come in big or small sizes and their pieces circular and smooth They are found in shallow water

65. Main Idea and Supporting Details High heat and pressure can change the texture of rock- the way it looks and feels. They can change also change the form of the minerals that make up the rock. These changed rocks are called metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks can change from any kind of rock- sedimentary, igneous, or even other metamorphic rocks. Main Idea: Metamorphic rocks are made from and heat and pressure.. (state in your own words, paraphrase or reorganize) Heat and pressure create metamorphic rock. Heat and pressure can change the form of minerals inside a rock Sedimentary, igneous and other metamorphic rock and can be changed into metamorphic rock.

66. Main Idea and Supporting Details Rocks are made up of one or more minerals. Rocks are classified by the way they form. Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools and hardens. Sedimentary rocks are usually made of pieces of rock that have been squeezed and stuck together. Metamorphic rocks form when heat and pressure change rocks. Main Idea: Rocks are classified by the way they are made.. (state in your own words, paraphrase or reorganize) The way a rock is made determines its identity. When melted rock cools and solidifies it forms igneous rock. Particles of rock that has been compacted and stuck together forms into sedimentary rock Metamorphic rock is create from heat and pressure.

67. Main Idea and Supporting Details Rocks are always changing. However, the changes usually happen so slowly that you would never notice them. It can take thousands of years for a rock to weather and erode. It can take more years for the eroded pieces to be changed into sedimentary rock. Main Idea: Rocks are always changing. (state in your own words, paraphrase) Change consistently occurs in rocks. Takes many years to recognize Weathering and erosion occur over a long period of time Its takes even longer for rocks to turn into a sedimentary rock

68. Main Idea and Supporting Details Heat and Pressure can change rocks. Sometimes the rocks get hot enough to melt completely. When this melted rock cools hardens, it has changed from metamorphic to igneous. It usually takes many years for rock to be buried deep enough inside Earth to melt. Main Idea: (state in your own words, paraphrase and reorganizing sentence) Rocks change because of heat and pressure. Rocks sometime melts when they are heated Metamorphic rock turns in to igneous rock when melted rock cools down and becomes hard. Its take a very long time for rock to melt underneath our planet’s surface.