1. GEOLOGICAL STORAGE OF CARBON DIOXIDE A.K. Bhandari Advisor TPPC, Ministry of Mines International Workshop on Power Generation with Carbon Capture and storage in India 22 - 23 January 2008, Hotel Ashok, New Delhi SALINE AQUIFERS FOR

2. India has set a goal of sustained economic growth of 8-9%. To achieve this, our energy needs will grow rapidly in future. Meeting the demands for electricity will require an installed capacity of 2,00,000 MW b y the year 2012 Coal would inevitably be the mainstay for energy generation in India. FUTURE ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

3. After Mitra A.P. et al (2002) Carbon dioxide Emissions and Future Projections

4. TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN OPTIONS Energy conservation and efficiency Substitute lower carbon or carbon free energy sources (renewable, nuclear, hydropower and low carbon fuels) Geological storage of carbon dioxide

5. GEOLOGICAL STORAGE OPTIONS.Depleted oil and gas reservoirs.Deep unmineable Coal seams.Oceans.Deep unused saline water-saturated formation

6. Geological Storage OptionGlobal Capacity Reservoir type Lower estimate of storage capacity (Gt CO 2 ) Upper estimate of storage capacity (Gt CO 2 ) Depleted oil and gas fields 675900 Unminable coal seams 3-15200 Deep saline reservoirs 1000Uncertain, but possibly 10 4 STORAGE CAPACITY FOR GEOLOGICAL STORAGE OPTIONS

7. WHY SALINE AQUIFERS ? The fact that carbon dioxide has been naturally stored for geological time scales enhances the creditability of the storage options. Saline formations occur in the proximity of the sources, therefore reducing the cost of infrastructure. Can help in achieving near zero emissions for the existing power plants and industrial units. Scenarios for negative impacts and unintended damages are limited.

9. SEDIMENTARY BASIN MAP OF INDIA BasinBasinal Area (Sq.Km.) Himalayan foreland 30,000 Ganga Basin186,000 Vindhyan Basin162,000 Narmada Basin17,000 Deccan Syneclise273,000 Rajasthan126,000

10. After CGWB STATEAREA SQ.KM Punjab3509 Haryana9166 Uttar Pradesh29909 Rajasthan 106618

11. RAJASTHAN BASIN After CGWB

13. SALINE AREAS OF UTTAR PRADESH

14. THICKNESS OF VINDHYAN BASIN ON GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC PROFILE

15. STUDY AREA - DST PROJECT Sanjay Nagar Dheerpur Area Pirthala Tumsara Area Chatta Chattikara Area Proterozoic Fold Belt Alluvial fill (Ganga Basin)

16. 2 D SUBSURFACE LITHOLOGICAL CROSS SECTIONS

17. 3 D MODEL OF CHATTA - CHATTIKARA AREA Overburden Silty Clay Sediment fill of Ganga basin Upper Bhander sandstone (Vindhyans) with Shale partings Fractured Rock (with brackish water within Bhander formation) Clay

18. AREAS OF CONCERN 1.Safe and irreversible storage of carbon dioxide is of critical concern. 2.Significant baseline information is now available from the projects underway in many parts of the world. However, extensive further research is needed both regionally and globally to study the true potential of saline aquifers. 3.Considerable additional geological and geophysical investigations need to be undertaken to effectively map the saline reservoirs, identify the characteristics of the cap rock and integrity of the reservoir. 4. Legal issues and public acceptance.

19. FINALLY There appear to be no insurmountable technical barriers for geological storage of CO2 as an effective mitigation option

20. THANK YOU