1. The Struggle Continues, 1965-1980
Chapter 22
The Struggle Continues,

2. I. The Fading Dream of Racial Integration
White Backlash
Increasing white resistance to civil rights
California: bill to repeal all laws prohibiting discrimination in sale or renting of houses
George Wallace
Favorable support in northern primaries against Johnson

4. Black Nationalism Disillusioned by the slow pace Floyd McKissick, CORE
Stokely Carmichael, LCFO
Black theology
Critiques racism within white religious groups
Black Christian nationalism
Black feminist theology
Critiques of sexism within the black church

5. Malcolm X Malcolm Little Violence marred his childhood
Ten-year prison sentence
Embraced the teaching of Muhammad
Attracted attention
Did not believe in nonviolence nor advocated integration
“Revolutions are based on bloodshed.”

6. Malcolm X’s New Departure
Popularity and growing tensions
Malcolm X leaves Nation of Islam, 1964
Suspended by Elijah Muhammad for comments about JFK
Made pilgrimage to Mecca (changed ideology)
Muslim Mosque, Inc.
Organization for Afro-American Unity
Repudiated the Nation of Islam doctrine
“All white people are evil.”
Assassinated February 14th, 1965

8. Stokely Carmichael and Black Power
Carmichael, chairman of SNCC, 1966
Ends goal of interracial collaboration
SNCC fires white staff members
CORE ejected white members, 1968
“Black Power”
Promoted black political, economic strength
Psychological assertiveness, cultural pride
Critics charged reverse racism
King supported positive aspects
Denounced negative taunts against white people

10. Hubert G. Brown, H. “Rap” Brown, Chairman of SNCC, 1966
Militant black power
Called white people “honkies”
Police were “pigs”
“Violence” was “as American as apple pie.”
Arrested in Cambridge, Maryland

12. The National Council of Churches
Religious leaders changed by black power
Federal Council of Churches, 1946
National Council of Churches,
Benjamin Payton
Economic development
Black caucuses within white churches
James Forman, 1969
White churches pay $500 million in reparations
Started the withdrawal of white religious groups

13. II. The Black Panther Party
Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale, 1966
Black nationalist ideology
Marxist-Leninist doctrines
Overthrowing capitalist society and ending police brutality
Eldridge Cleaver
Soul on Ice, 1968
Black people were victims of colonization
Needed to be liberated, not integrated
Oakland police shootout, 1968
See VOICES

14. Police Repression and the FBI’s COINTELPRO
Violence dwarfed community projects
Free breakfast and health care programs
Some of the earliest drug education programs
FBI Counterintelligence (COINTELPRO)
Destroy black nationalist groups
Ridicule, discredit leaders, worked with local officials
Undercover agents infiltrated the Panthers
Provoked violence and criminal acts

16. Prisoners’ Rights Black prisoners out of proportion to population
Unfair sentences and deplorable conditions
Angela Davis
Soledad Brothers
George Jackson
Attica
Prison riot, September 9th, 1971

18. III. The Inner-City Rebellions
Anger in America’s inner cities, 1965
29% of black households below poverty line, compared to 8% of white households
50% of non-white families lived in substandard conditions, compared to 18% of white families
Black unemployment rate twice that of whites
Jobs moved to suburbs
High school dropout rates increased
Crime and drug use increased

19. Inner-City Violence Watts, August 11th, 1965
98% percent black community
30% of black men unemployed
Los Angeles police brutality
Newark, New Jersey, July 12th, 1967
Highest unemployment rate among black men in the nation
Detroit, July 23rd, 1967
Deadliest riot of fifty-nine urban rebellions in 1967
Forty-three black people killed, mostly by National Guard
Kerner Commission
White racism underlying cause of riots

20. IV. Difficulties in Creating the Great Society
War on poverty
Poor blacks aid in design and implementation
Community action programs
Local politicians
Felt threatened by empowerment
Critical of handouts and rewards for lawlessness and laziness
Raised expectations of black people
Feelings of betrayal
Frustrated by white backlash

21. V. Johnson and the War in Vietnam
Government spending
Domestic programs $44 billion
War on Poverty $10 billion
Vietnam $144 billion
Gulf of Tonkin Resolutions, 1964
Escalation
385,000 troops, 1966
500,000 troops, 1968

22. Black Americans Ten percent of armed forces in mid-1960s
Increased during Vietnam
(Twenty-five percent during Persian Gulf War, 1991)
Blacks entered the military because of
Draft
Patriotism
Educational and vocational opportunities
“Project 100,000”

23. VI. Johnson: Vietnam Destroy the Great Society
War escalation
Many questioned if it was a worthy cause
“ Credibility gap”
Great Society programs met increasing resistance
Johnson believed the nation’s honor at stake
Tet Offensive
Psychological blow for the American public

24. VII. King: Searching for a New Strategy
Martin Luther King, Jr.
White people thought him a dangerous radical
Black militants thought him an ineffectual moderate
King moved campaign to Chicago
Hatred and hostility surpassed Birmingham, Alabama
Racial discrimination tied to economic structure
Poor People’s Campaign
Tens of thousands of poor would descend on Washington
Among other things, a federally-guaranteed income policy

26. VII. King: Searching for a New Strategy ( cont.)
Critical of war in Vietnam
Alienated Johnson and some of President’s black supporters

28. King War and Murder Memphis sanitation workers’ strike, February 1968
King murdered by James Earl Ray
Civic rage in black communities
125 cities
46 people dead
35,000 injured
Civil Rights Act, 1968
Outlawed discrimination in the sale and rental of housing; redlining illegal

29. IX. The Second Phase of the Black Student Movement
Militant assertiveness, after 1968
Occurred among black college students
The Orangeburg Massacre, February 8th, 1968
South Carolina State College
Marks the beginning of second phase
Black Studies
A collective, interdisciplinary scholarly approach
Black students at white campuses demanded courses
Federal legislation banned discrimination
Financial aid programs

31. X. The Election of 1968 Hubert Humphrey Richard Nixon George Wallace
Democratic
Richard Nixon
Republican
George Wallace
American Party

33. XI. The Nixon Presidency
Progressive presidency
EPA
Endorsed equal rights amendment
Signed regulatory legislation
“Southern Strategy”
Weakened New Deal coalition

34. The “Moynihan Report” The negro family
Breakdown of lower-class black family leads to
Higher crime and poverty, increased drug use
Matriarchal structure and weak family structure
“Retards the progress of the group”
Principal cause for anti-social behavior
Black scholars condemned report
Matriarchy was a functional adaptation in a hostile world
Diverted attention from positive thrust
Family assistance plan

35. Busing, War, and Downfall
Major 1970s court cases dealt with federal court’s willingness to bus students across district lines
White people demonstrated
Nixon and the Vietnam War
Cambodia
Between dropped more bombs than it had on all Asia
Kent State
Nixon’s downfall
Campaigned to restore law and order
Expanded power to use wiretaps and enter without advance warning
Watergate

36. XII. The Rise of Black Elected Officials
Black power and the Voting Rights Act, 1965
Encouraged political involvement
Carl Stokes
Richard G. Hatch
Gary Convention and Black Political Agenda
8,000 people gathered to develop an agenda
Shift from demonstrations to electoral gains
Black people gain local offices
2,427 black elected officials, 1972
8,106 black elected officials, 1993

37. XIII. Economic Downturn
Recession during the 1970s
Poor black people were loosing ground
But black middle-class grew

38. XIV. Black Americans and the Carter Presidency
Ninety percent of black voters favored Carter
Without them Carter would not have won
Black appointees
Appointed to highly visible posts
Patricia Harris, Andrew Young, Ernest Green
Domestic problems
Unsatisfactory overall record
Iran hostage crisis

39. XV. Conclusion Civil rights victories changed lives and culture
Black power and black arts pushed civil rights into northern and western venues
The black political movement led to rise in black elected officials
Black studies as a new academic field
Black arts and black consciousness opened new avenues of expression
Johnson, Nixon, and Carter sought ways to alleviate hardships among poor within the context of their political ideologies