2. Memory Ref: Banich Ch. 10, 323-363.

3. Test 1 Marks will be out today (noticeboard and website) Papers will be returned in your labs Results: class average 67% C7% C+15% B-18% B16% B+11% A-8% A8% A+8%

4. Test 1 Double-check the arithmetic on your paper (mistakes can happen1) Queries about grading are welcome Model answers will be posted late today Did worse than you expected? Come and see me or one of the tutors NOW. Maybe we can help for next time….

5. Memory Ref: Banich Ch. 9, pp. 315-339, 343- 354, 356-361

6. Memory: Brain Regions Many brain regions involved in memory BUT one network of structures has special role: Medial temporal lobeMedial temporal lobe HippocampusHippocampus ThalamusThalamus Hypothalamus (mammillary bodies)Hypothalamus (mammillary bodies) Medial Temporal System

7. The Medial Temporal System Common causes: brain injury, infection, also some degenerative diseases (Alzheimer's, Korsakoff's) HM: "He could no longer recognise the hospital staff, apart from Dr. Scoville himself, who he had known for many years; he did not remember and could not relearn the way to the bathroom, and he seemed to retain nothing of the day-to-day happenings in the hospital... A year later, HM had not yet learned the new address, nor could he be trusted to find his way home alone... He is unable to learn where objects constantly in use are kept” Can see what it does by examining P's with damage Can see what it does by examining P's with damage

8. Two Components to Amnesia Affects facts/events both before and after illness: Retrograde amnesia: loss of things learnt before illness Anterograde amnesia: loss of new facts/events

9. Retrograde Amnesia: Features Shows "temporal gradient": Laurel: "When I came out of the coma, I thought I was 13 years old, and I was actually 26. I didn't remember I was married; I didn't remember a whole ream of things.”

10. PZ's recall of autobiography: oldernewer Age of memory Amount recalled Retrograde Amnesia: Features

11. Ways of Testing: Events questionnaires with items from diff. periods e.g.What British scientist was imprisoned for telling the Russians how to make the atomic bomb? Events questionnaires with items from diff. periods e.g.What British scientist was imprisoned for telling the Russians how to make the atomic bomb? Famous Faces Tests Famous Faces Tests Retrograde Amnesia: Features

12. Laurel: "Often I find myself saying things I didn't know that I knew. It's almost like a third person relaying the information, which to me is fascinating. It made me realise that all of that information is not lost. It's still there.” Shrinks gradually with recovery over time Medial Temporal System involved in retrieval of existing memories - at least recent ones Retrograde Amnesia: Features

13. Two Components to Amnesia Affects facts/events both before and after illness: Retrograde amnesia: loss of things learnt before illness Anterograde amnesia: loss of new facts/events

14. Anterograde Amnesia: Features Knowledge and personal history are "frozen in time” P may be unable to recall events from 5 min before: HM: "… every day is alone in itself; whatever enjoyment I’ve had and whatever sorrow I’ve had. Right now, I’m wondering ‘Have I done or said anything amiss?’ You see, at this moment everything looks clear to me, but what happened just before? That’s what worries me. Its like waking from a dream; I just don’t remember

15. Not specific to any modality Anterograde Amnesia: Features System deals with all info. regardless of source Affects facts as well as event e.g. new vocab: jacuzzi, granola current affairsAffects facts as well as event e.g. new vocab: jacuzzi, granola current affairs Deals with both Episodic and Semantic memories

16. Short Term Memory not affected Amnesics perform normally at this: Anterograde Amnesia: Features Repeat the following sequence: 3 9 1 7 8 5 System involved only in Long Term Memory

17. Skill learning spared e.g.learning piano piece mirror tracing Anterograde Amnesia: Features System does not deal with Procedural Learning, only Declarative Knowledge (Cohen et al)

18. Certain types of “implicit” learning also spared:e.g. Repetition Priming Word stem completion Anterograde Amnesia: Features

19. Repetition Priming (Gollin pictures): Anterograde Amnesia: Features

20. P will choose "motel" rather than "motorcycle” No recollection of ever having done the task before! Word-stem completion: Word-stem completion: Anterograde Amnesia: Features Study these words e.g. motel cyclone Report first word that comes to mind: mot_______ DELAY

21. Spared memory not limited to motor skills, but can also include cognitive tasks Anterograde Amnesia: Features Some authors prefer terms Explicit vs. Implicit memory

22. Conclusions about Medial Temporal System Helps form new long-term memories (but not STM) Also helps retrieve recently-acquired memories Deals with both episodic and semantic memory Deals with explicit memories only; implicit memory, incl. skill learning, not affected Does not store memories, but rather is involved in encoding/retrieval of memories stored elsewhere

23. Current View Actual content of memories is distributed throughout cortex (exact area depends on type of info.) Medial Temporal System ties together the various components of a memory With time, rest of cortex can learn to tie together the components without going thru this system

24. Other Systems Involved in Memory All areas of cortex involved, because all are capable of "learning" in their own domain e.g.new skills: cerebellum word-stem completion: posterior language areas Two Especially Important Regions – Left parietal lobe: Short-term Memory (STM) – Frontal lobes: Working Memory, Source Memory

25. Left Parietal Lobe: STM Short term storage of verbal informatione.g. digit span task After a mild stroke, JK made a good physical recovery, and some months later, was able to return to his previous, demanding position as a private secretary in a large corporation. He had little difficulty resuming his former duties: he was able to remember which tasks/clients he had worked with just before his illness, and had no problem learning new tasks and remembering new clients. However, he noticed a sudden difficulty with numbers. He found himself unable to accurately record numerical information given to him verbally. Also, when dialling phone numbers, he could still deal with familiar numbers, but would repeatedly make mistakes when dialling a new number for the first time. JK underwent further neuropsychological tests which revealed that he had a digit span of only one!

26. Left Parietal Lobe: STM STM helps maintain auditory-verbal information Is one of several resources we use to maintain information temporarily Current view: STM (or “phonological store”) a slave system of Working Memory….

27. Frontal lobes: Working Memory Working Memory: “Smart” system that keeps info. on-line while a task is performed relies on more passive stores like STM, as well as other storage systems e.g. Baddeley’s model: Visuospatial scratch pad Phonological Store Central Executive

28. Central Executive (the “smart” part of Working Memory) is located in frontal lobes Central Executive (the “smart” part of Working Memory) is located in frontal lobes Frontal lobes: Working Memory Visuospatial scratch pad Phonological Store Central Executive

29. Evidence: Monkeys with prefrontal lesions: Frontal lobes: Working Memory

30. Frontal lobes: Source Memory Temporal relationships between events: ? Which was most recent?

31. P’s can't judge temporal relationships, but can recognise previous experiences: Frontal lobes: Source Memory ? Which did you see?