2. Analyzing the Firm’s Cash Flow
Cash flow (as opposed to accounting “profits”) is the primary ingredient in any financial valuation model.
From an accounting perspective, cash flow is summarized in a firm’s statement of cash flows.
Firms often focus on
operating cash flow, which is used in managerial decision- making
free cash flow, which is closely monitored by participants in the capital market.
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3. Depreciation
Depreciation is the portion of the costs of fixed assets charged against annual revenues over time.
Amortization – write-off of intangible assets
Depletion – write-off natural resources
Depreciation for tax purposes is determined by using the modified accelerated cost recovery system (MACRS).
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4. Depreciation: Depreciation & Cash Flow
Financial managers are much more concerned with cash flows rather than profits.
To adjust the income statement to show cash flows from operations, all non-cash charges should be added back to net profit after taxes.
non-cash expenses create a tax shield and enhance cash flow.
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5. Table 4.1 First Four Property Classes under MACRS
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6. Table 4.2 Rounded Depreciation Percentages by Recovery Year Using MACRS for First Four Property Classes
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7. Depreciation
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8. Depreciation schedule
Basis = yr asset
Year %
Depreciation
Acc.Depr
Book Value 1
.20
18,000
72,000 2
.32
28,800
46,800
43,200 3
.19
17,100
63,900
26,100 4
.12
10,800
74,,500
15,300 5
85,500
4,500 6
.05
90,000
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CB Cash Flows

9. Interpreting Statement of Cash Flows
The statement of cash flows ties the balance sheet at the beginning of the period with the balance sheet at the end of the period after considering the performance of the firm during the period through the income statement.
The net increase (or decrease) in cash and marketable securities should be equivalent to the difference between the cash and marketable securities on the balance sheet at the beginning of the year and the end of the year.
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10. Operating Cash Flow
A firm’s operating Cash Flow (OCF) is the cash flow a firm generates from normal operations—from the production and sale of its goods and services.
OCF may be calculated as follows:
Slightly different formula than in the textbook. This formula matches the formula in the spreadsheet.
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11. Free Cash Flow
Free cash flow (FCF) is the amount of cash flow available to investors (creditors and owners) after the firm has met all operating needs and paid for investments in net fixed assets (NFAI) and net current assets (NCAI).
Where:
NFAI = Change in net fixed assets + Depreciation
NCAI = Change in CA – Change in (A/P + Accruals)
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12. The Financial Planning Process
The financial planning process begins with long-term, or strategic, financial plans that in turn guide the formulation of short-term, or operating, plans and budgets.
Two key aspects of financial planning are cash planning and profit planning.
Cash planning involves the preparation of the firm’s cash budget.
Profit planning involves preparation of pro forma statements.
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13. FCF Calculation
Notes Payable are not included as a Current Liability in this technique
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Free Cash Flow Calculation

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16. The Financial Planning Process: Long-Term (Strategic) Financial Plans
Long-term (strategic) financial plans lay out a company’s planned financial actions and the anticipated impact of those actions over periods ranging from 2 to 10 years.
Firms that are subject to high degrees of operating uncertainty, relatively short production cycles, or both, tend to use shorter planning horizons.
These plans are one component of a company’s integrated strategic plan (along with production and marketing plans) that guide a company toward achievement of its goals.
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17. The Financial Planning Process: Short-Term (Operating) Financial Plans
Short-term (operating) financial plans specify short- term financial actions and the anticipated impact of those actions.
Key inputs include the sales forecast and other operating and financial data.
Key outputs include operating budgets, the cash budget, and pro forma financial statements.
This process is described graphically on the following slide.
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18. The Financial Planning Process
Financial planning involves guiding, coordinating, and controlling the firm’s actions to achieve its objectives.
Two key aspects of financial planning are cash planning and profit planning.
Cash planning involves the preparation of the firm’s cash budget.
Profit planning involves the preparation of both cash budgets and pro forma financial statements.
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19. Profit Planning: Pro Forma Statements
Pro forma financial statements are projected, or forecast, financial statements – income statements and balance sheets.
A simple method for developing a pro forma income statement is the “percent-of-sales” method.
Probably the best approach to use in developing the pro forma balance sheet is the judgmental approach.
The accounting balance sheet is created using the debit-credit system
This balance sheet will not balance
One of the outcomes is the external funding required to finance asset growth
A deficit requires external funds to be gathered
A surplus requires temporary investment or a payback
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20. Evaluation of Pro Forma Statements (cont.)
However pro forma statements are prepared, analysts must understand how to use them to make financial decisions.
Financial managers and lenders can use pro forma statements to analyze the firm’s inflows and outflows of cash, as well as its liquidity, activity, debt, profitability, and market value.
Various ratios can be calculated from the pro forma income statement and balance sheet to evaluate performance.
Cash inflows and outflows can be evaluated by preparing a pro forma statement of cash flows.
After analyzing the pro forma statements, the financial manager can take steps to adjust planned operations to achieve short-term financial goals.
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