1. Russia in Eurasia

2. A Three-Dimensional View Interstate relations - relations between the Russian state and other states Russia’s internal conditions – social development and transformation, social structure, ethnic composition, available resources, state-society relations, political consciousness, balance of political forces, etc. Transnational relations Russia has been involved in – movement of people, goods, information, technology, money; ethnic, cultural (including religious), political ties

3. To understand Russia’s international behaviour, we will view it through this three-dimensional prism, looking for historically-specific combinations – and interactions – of interstate, internal, and transnational factors at work

4. Russia’s world status: geopolitics vs. market power

8. The Eurasian Context Eurasia: a supercontinent consisting of two continents  Unity and divisions of the supercontinent  The Coastlands and the Heartland. The Heartland and the Rimland  Land  Rivers  Seas  Winds  Temperature

10. Human migration routes* *The time frames are highly approximate

11. Human settlement patterns  Search and struggle for resources  Potential for development  Degree of security http://stort.unep- wcmc.org/imaps/gb2002/book/viewer. htm

12. Security-development interactions Costs of development and security: four basic modes of interaction D-costs high, S-costs high (Russia) D-costs low, S-costs low (USA, Canada) D-costs high, S-costs low (Scandinavia) D-costs low, S-costs high (?)

13. Eurasia’s political integration: historical phases

14. EURASIA, 116 C.E.

15. EURASIA, 8 TH CENTURY

16. EURASIA, 1288

18. Europe’s Eastern frontier The belt between the Baltic and the Adriatic East European state-forming nations:  Greeks  Germans  Slavs Eastern: Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians Western: Poles, Czechs, Slovaks Southern: Serbs, Croatians, Slovenians, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Bosniaks, Bulgarians  Hungarians (Magyars)  Finns  Balts (Lithuanians, Estonians, Latvians)  Romanians (19 th -century name)  Albanians  Turks  Tatars

21. Russia Russia is 1,200 years old It has existed in 6 historical forms:  Kiev Rus (9th-13th centuries)  Domain of the Tatar-Mongol empire (13th-15th centuries)  Moscovy (15th-17th centuries)  The Russian Empire (18th century-1917)  The Soviet Union (1917-1991)  The Russian Federation (1991- today)

22. EUROPE 0001

23. EUROPE 1000

24. EUROPE 1600

25. NATION-STATES VS. EMPIRES A 3-way conflict of civilizations for control of Eastern Europe. Objects of the struggle:  Resources  Trade routes  Security THE RISE OF EMPIRES  Western Christian (German) – “successors” to the Western Roman Empire, “Holy Roman Empire”, later the Habsburg Empire (Austria-Hungary) and the Hohenzollern Empire (Germany)  Orthodox Christian (Russian) – “successor” to Eastern Roman Empire (The Romanov Empire)  Muslim (Turkish) – “successor” to the Arab Caliphate (The Ottoman Empire)

26. EUROPE 1900

27. In the Modern Age, Russia expanded to take control of most of the Eurasian Heartland Gradually, it filled much of the space first integrated by the Mongols Expansion was driven by:  Struggle for independence and security  Struggle for control of resources and trade routes  Human settlement  Imperial inertia and the internal interests maintaining it

30. Chengiz Khan

31. Batu- Khan, son of Chengiz, conqueror of Kiev Rus

33. The Battle of Kulikovo Pole, 1380: Russians defeat Tatars

34. Moscow: a Kremlin wall

35. The Red Square

36. Kremlin, Tsar Cannon

37. The Church of Ivan the Great, Moscow Kremlin

38. The Virgin of St. Vladimir (13 th century)

39. The Saviour Golden Hair (13 th century)

40. St. George the Victorious

41. Russian countryside

42. THE RUSSIAN SYSTEM: The state was huge, costly, militarized Society (especially the peasantry) was heavily exploited and closely controlled by the state The political system was autocratic-patrimonial, with the monarch being the sole source of sovereignty The church was subservient to the state Individual rights and liberties were severely curbed Market economy had very limited potential for development When reforms became overdue, the state acted as the main agent of change, usually with limited effect Society had no legal means of influencing government policies – the people had an impact on the state either by obedience to it or by resistance to it (passive or active)

43. What kept the system going was its “battle order”: NO CITIZENS – JUST SOLDIERS, OFFICERS, AND WORKERS WHO FED THE ARMY The system was designed primarily for war. Successful wars kept it going. Failed wars undermined it.

44. “Tsar Ivan The Terrible Kills His Son” (from Ilya Repin’s painting)

45. Cossacks are writing a letter to the Turkish Sultan

46. Russia under Polish rule: False Dimitry and Marina Mnishek (1609)

47. Kuz’ma Minin and Prince Pozharsky: leaders of the anti- Polish revolution (1609)

48. Tsar Mikhail, Founder of the Romanov Dynasty (reign 1613-1645)

49. Tsar Peter the Great, Founder of the Russian Empire (reign 1682-1725)

50. The Battle of Poltava, 1709: Russia defeats Sweden

51. St. Petersburg

52. Poseidon over St. Peterburg

53. Emperor Alexander I (reign 1801-1825)

54. Napoleon at the Battle of Borodino: Sept. 7, 1812

55. The Battle of Borodino

56. Borodino

57. Moscow on Fire

58. Napoleon’s retreat from Russia, winter of 1812

59. An Imperial Russian Army officer, 1812

60. St. Petersburg, December 18, 1825: A military rebellion against autocracy

61. Tsar Nicholas I (reign 1825-1855)

62. “The Russian octopus” – a British 1850s cartoon

63. British cavalry in the Crimean War, 1855

64. Emperor Alexander II (reign 1855-1881)

65. Emperor Alexander III (reign 1881- 1894)

66. Nicholas II, the last Tsar, Emperor of all Russias (reign 1894- 1917)

68. Grain production in Russia, late 19 th century*: 1/3 of the German level 1/7 of the British level ½ of the French and Austrian levels * Richard Pipes, Russia Under the old Regime. Penguin Books, 1974, p.8 The issue of the surplus. The costs of security and development

69. Deceptive appearances of Russia: The image of stability vs. The potential for revolution Lenin’s conversation with a police investigator: “Yes, it is a wall, but it is all rotten: just push it, and it will fall down” REFORM VS. REVOLUTION: IS THE SYSTEM REFORMABLE? RUSSIA’S REBELS  Cossack uprisings of 17 th and 18 th centuries  (Razin, Bolotnikov, Pugachev)  The Decembrists – 1825  The Revolutionary Democrats (Chernyshevsky, Herzen)  The Populists  The Anarchists (Kropotkin, Bakunin)  The Social Democrats (Plekhanov, Lenin)

70. Russia’s 19 th century The apex of expansion – and the lag behind the West  From the triumph of 1812 (victory over Napoleon) to the disaster of 1855 (defeat in the Crimean War) The pressures for change The reforms of Alexander II Development of capitalism vs. Political modernization Capitalism was creating new classes, new issues, new conflicts – and the state was expected to evolve to be able to deal with them. But the Russian state was not up to the task. It was not part of the solution, it was the source of additional problems

71. By the end of the 19 th century, the flaws of the Russian system become manifest The gap between Europe and Russia widens fast, the Russian system is too inefficient, too rigid, resistant to reform The 1904-05 war with Japan and then World War I exhaust the Russian state and expose its flaws 1905-1917: 12 YEARS OF UPHEAVAL WHICH DESTROYED THE RUSSIAN AUTOCRACY AND EMPIRE