1. Second-Order Science. The Revolution of Scientific Structures Karl H. Müller Steinbeis Transfer Center New Cybernetics Berlin, ISSS, August 5, 2015

2. Overview  A Differentiation of Levels in the Science System and Their New Functions  Second-Order Science as a Vast and Largely Unexplored Science Frontier  A Copernican Revoution in Science as a Revolution in Complexity and in Reflexivity  Clusters of Research and PhD-Programs in Second-Order Science  Final Aphorisms on Second-Order Science and on New Cybernetics

3. Changes in the Science System I, 1950 - 2015  Large-Scale Research Infrastructures: CERN (1950s), Jülich (Germany) 1956, etc.  2001 – 2015: ESFRI (European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures)  ESFRI-Roadmaps for all Scientific Disciplines, 2006, 2008, 2010  Research Infratsructures for Clusters of Disciplines  Research-Infrastructures: Integration through ICT

4. ESFRI-Roadmap, 2006

5. Changes in the Science System II, 1950 - 2015  Gene V. Glass (Educational Scientist): „Primary, Secondary and Meta-Analysis of Research“, in: Educational Researcher 5, 3 – 8, 1976  Primary Data Analysis: New Data Secondary Data Analysis: Available Data Meta-Analysis: Pooling of Data; Statistical Analysis of Statistical Analyses  Meta-Analysis: “the analysis of analysis and as a statistical analysis of a large collection of analysis results from individual studies for the purpose of integrating the findings. It connotes a rigorous alternative to the casual, narrative discussions of research studies which typify our attempts to make sense of the rapidly expanding research literature.” (Glass, 1976:3)

6. Changes in the Science System III, 1950 - 2015 The Rise of Meta-Analysis in Psychological Abstracts YearNumber of Counts 1967 – 19760 19772 19784 19796 19809 198118 198232 198355 198463 Source: Hunter/Schmidt, 1990:40

7. A Differentiation in Three Levels

8. Functional Differentiation between Levels O and I First-Order Science: The Science of Exploring the World Zero-Order Science (Research Infrastructures): Catalytic Function for First-Order Science; Enabling Research, Speeding-up Research Experimental Data, Data, Information, Documents

9. Functional Differentiation between Levels I and II Second-Order Science: Reflexive Function for First-Order Science; Quality Control, Robustness, Integration, Innovation, etc. Tests of Tests, Patterns of Patterns, Generative Mechanism of Generative Mechanisms, Studies of Studies, Survey-Analysis of Survey Analyses, etc. First-Order Science: The Science of Exploring the World

10. The Main Operation for Second- Order Elements: Re-Entries Second-Order Level through Re-Entries of First- Order Building Blocks: “Computation of computation, cybernetics of cybernetics, geometry of geometry, linguistics of linguistics, logic of logic, magic of magic, mathematics of mathematics, pattern of pattern, teaching of teaching, will of will.” (Kauffman, 2005: 129) A Vast and Largely Unexplored Science Frontier

11. Second-Order Science: A Vast and Largely Unexplored Science Frontier Second-order problems can be generated for all types of first-order science building blocks:  Theoretical Concepts  Models  Theories  Tests  Patterns  Functions  Distributions  Studies, etc.

12. Different Types of Re-Entries: Domain-Specific, Transdisciplinary

13. Two Types of Second-Order Investigations Narrow, Domain-Specific: Articles with Data from the Euroepan Social Survey (ESS) Mostly in Sociolgy, Political Science, Economics, Pychology 3000 Articles; Database for these Articles A Second-Order ESS-Study on ESS-Studies Large Number of New and Surprising Results Transdiscipinary: RISC-Program at the University of Ljubljana (2007 – 2009) RISC: Rare Incidents, Strong Consequences Powerlaw-Distributions Earthquakes, Financial Markets, Settlement, Word-Frequencies, Scientific Quotations, Income-Distribution, Ecosystems, Wealth, Sandpiles, etc. Search for a Generative Mechanism of Generative Mechanisms

14. A Correspondence Principle between First and Second-Order Fields Correspondence Principle: For every well-developed first-order field or discipline one can construct a corresponding second-order field or discipline Sociology  Second-Order Sociology Social Sciences  Second-Order Social Sciences Socio-Economics  Second-Order Socio-Economics X  Second-Order [X]

15. Multiple Research and PhD- Programs in Second-Order Sience Separation of Science Landscapes into Different Dimensions and Various Contexts in Each Dimension

16. General Outline for a Three Year PhD-Program (Level 3 Bologna) 12 Field Courses (60 ECTS) and 9 PhD-Related Courses (120 ECTS) Distribution of Field Courses (X): Foundations (X) Widening, Deepening, Integrating (X) Second-Order Methods and Methodologies (X) Research Designs for Second-Order Analyses (X) Science-Society-Relations (X) Research Infrastructures for (X)

17. Diagram for a Three Year PhD- Program

18. The Mystery of the Copernican Revolution Heinz von Foerster (1911 – 2002) Talked of a Copernican Revolution in Science Almost No Written Records

19. The Current Copernican Revolution in Science Complexity Revolution Large Number of Science Dimensions Exhibit a Center-Periphery Exchange Reflexivity Revolution Second-Order Science as Major Backbone

20. Closing Aphorisms I: Second-Order Science: The Science of Reflecting on These Explorations First-Order Science: The Science of Exploring the World

21. Closing Aphorisms II: New Cybernetics: The Science of Reflecting on These Reflections Second-Order Science: The Science of Reflecting on These Explorations First-Order Science: The Science of Exploring the World

22. Literature Karl H. Müller. Alexander Riegler (2014), „Second- Order Science: A Vast and Largely Unexplored Science Frontier”, in: Constructivist Foundations, Vol. 10, No. 1, 7 – 15 Karl H. Müller (2014), „Towards a General Methodology for Second-Order Science“, in: Journal of Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics 12, No. 5, 33 - 42 Karl H. Müller (2015), Second-Order Science. The Revoution of Scientific Structures. Wien:edition echoraum

23. Literature (Continued) Karl H. Müller (2015), „A Silent Revolution in Reflexivity“, in: Journal of Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics, to be published Karl H. Müller (2015), „The Multiple Faces of Reflexive Research Designs”, in: Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics 12, to be published Brina Malnar, Karl H. Müller (2015), Surveys and Reflexivity. A Second-Order Study of the European Social Survey (ESS). Wien:edition echoraum

24. Contact: Karl H. Müller Steinbeis Transfer Center New Cybernetics Vienna, Austria khm@chello.at 0043 1 664 4191961