1. What are the characteristics of Acids & Bases?
TASTE SOUR BITTER
FEEL STINGS ON SKIN SLIPPERY,SMOOTH
REACTION REACTS WITH METALS NO REACTION
ELECTRICAL ELECTROLYTE ELECTROLYTE
CONDUCTIVITY (BOTH CONDUCT ELECTRICITY)

2. What is the definition of acid/base?
ARRHENIUS
ACID: A SUBSTANCE THAT PROVIDES A H+ ION
BASE: A SUBSTANCE THAT PROVIDES A OH- ION
BRONSTED-LOWRY
ANY SUBSTANCE THAT DONATES A PROTON (H+)
ANY SUBSTANCE THAT ACCEPTS A PROTON (H+)
LEWIS
ANY SUBSTANCE THAT ACCEPTS AN ELECTRON PAIR
ANY SUBSTANCE THAT DONATES AN ELECTRON PAIR

3. HOW DO WE MEASURE ACIDS AND BASES?
INDICATORS
A SUBSTANCE THAT TURNS ONE COLOR IN AN ACIDIC SOLUTION AND ANOTHER COLOR IN A BASIC SOLUTION
SOME INDICATORS ARE:
LITMUS: DYE THAT COMES FROM A LICHEN
PHENOLPHTHALEIN: INDICATES ONLY BASES
UNIVERSAL INDICATOR:
ACID, NEUTRALS, BASES
CABBAGE JUICE:
ACIDS, NEUTRAL, BASE

4. p(otential) of H(ydrogen)=
WHAT IS THE pH scale?
p(otential) of H(ydrogen)=
-1 times the base 10 logarithm of the H3O+
Concentration in moles per liter
Therefore, each one-unit change in pH represents a 10-fold change in concentration
In pure 25◦ C, both H3O+ and OH- concentrations are
1.0 x 10-7 M
Acids have pH of less than 7
Bases have pH more than 7
Neutral has pH of 7

5. What is a common reaction of acids and bases?
Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
When an acid loses a H+ ion it becomes its conjugate base
For example, when HCl loses an H+ ion it becomes Cl- (conjugate base)
NH H2O ↔ NH OH-
(BASE) (ACID) (CONJ ACID) (CONJ BASE)

6. HOW DO WE NAME ACIDS AND BASES?
BASES: USE SAME RULES AS NAMING COMPOUNDS
EXAMPLE: NaOH SODIUM HYDROXIDE
NOW YOU TRY:
Ca(OH)2
KOH
Mg(OH)2
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE

7. HOW DO WE NAME ACIDS?
ACIDS: AN ACID’S NAME COMES FROM THE ANION IT PRODUCES WHEN IT DISSOCIATES. HERE ARE SOME RULES;
IF THE ANION ENDS IN “IDE” CHANGE IT TO “IC” AND ADD THE WORD “HYDRO” IN FRONT;
HCl HYDROGEN CHLORIDE HYDROCHLORIC ACID
IF THE ANION ENDS IN “ATE”, CHANGE IT TO “IC” AND DO NOT ADD A PREFIX
H2SO4 HYDROGEN SULFATE SULFURIC ACID
IF THE NAME ENDS IN “ITE”, CHANGE IT TO “OUS” AND DO NOT ADD A PREFIx
H2SO3 HYDROGEN SULFITE SULFUROUS ACID

8. PROBLEM SOLVING
1. If th pH dropped from 4 to 2, the concentration of H3O+ changes by a factor
a. of 10 b. of 100 c. of 2 d. of 1/100
2. What is the pH of a solution that has a H3O+ concentration of x 10-2?
3. How would you name the following acids:
a. HBr
b. H2CO3
c. HF
d. HNO3
4. What is the concentratrion of H3O+ ion in pure water ?