1. Software availability –the probability that a program is operating according to requirements at a given point in time. Availability = (MTTF/MTBF) x 100

2. Software Engineering II Lecture 31 Fakhar Lodhi

3. Software Safety Software Safety is a software SQA activity that focuses on identification of potential hazards that may affect software negatively and cause an entire system to fail. Modeling and analysis process is conducted as part of software safety. Hazards are identified and categorized by criticality and risk.

4. Recap

5. Example Hazards associated with a computer-based cruise control for an automobile: 1.Causes uncontrolled acceleration that cannot be stopped 2.Does not respond to depression of brake pedal 3.Does not engage when switch is activated 4.Slowly loses or gains speed

6. Once system-level hazards are identified, analysis techniques are used to assign severity, and probability of occurrence – similar to risk analysis To be effective, software must be analyzed in the context of the entire system Analysis techniques such as fault tree analysis can be used to predict the chain of events that can cause hazards and the probability that each of these events will occur to create the chain. Once hazards are identified and analyzed, safety-related requirements can be specified for the software. –For example, system can contain undesirable events and desired system responses to these events can be specified

7. Reliability versus Safety Closely related Software reliability uses statistical techniques to determine the likelihood that a software failure will occur Occurrence of a software failure does not necessarily result in a hazard or mishap Software safety examines the ways in which failures result in conditions that can lead to a mishap.

8. Poka-Yoke (Mistake-Proofing) Poka-yoke – developed as a QA technique by Mr. Shingo at Toyota in 1960’s. Poka-yoke devices – mechanisms that lead to: –Prevention of potential quality problems before they occur, or –The rapid detection of quality problems if they are introduced. Examples: –Light is on if the car door is not properly closed –Warning beep if the engine is turned-off when lights are on

9. Characteristic of a Poka-yoke device It is simple and cheap It is part of the process It is located near the process task where the mistake occurs