1. Sport Books Publisher1 RESPIRATORY ANATOMY

2. Sport Books Publisher2 The primary role of the respiratory system is to: 1. deliver oxygenated air to blood 2. remove carbon dioxide from blood, a by- product of metabolism. The respiratory system includes: 1. the lungs 2. several passageways leading from outside to the lungs 3. muscles that move into and out of the lungs.

3. Sport Books Publisher3 The term respiration has several meanings: 1. ventilation (breathing) 2. gas exchange (occurs between the air and blood in the lungs and between the blood and other tissues of the body) 3. oxygen utilization by the tissues for cellular respiration.

4. Sport Books Publisher4 The Lungs n located within the thoracic cavity/chest. n the lungs are asymmetrical. The right lung is larger than the left lung because the heart takes up more space on the left side. n The air passages of the respiratory system are divided into two functional zones: 1. The conduction zone 2. The respiratory zone

5. Sport Books Publisher5 The Conduction Zone n the set of anatomical structures in which air passes before reaching the respiratory zone. n Air enters through the nose and or mouth, where it is filtered, humidified, and adjusted to body temperature in the trachea (windpipe).

6. Sport Books Publisher6 The Conduction Zone n The trachea branches into the right and left bronchi that enter the lung and continue to branch into smaller and smaller tubes called bronchioles and finally the terminal bronchioles. n The whole system inside the lung looks similar to an upside-down tree that it is commonly called the “respiration tree”.

7. Sport Books Publisher7 The Respiration Zone n The region where gas exchange occurs. n The functional units of the lungs are the tiny air sacs, known as alveoli. n Alveoli are clustered in bunches like grapes, with a common opening into an alveolar duct called an alveolar sac.

8. Sport Books Publisher8 The Structure of the Respiratory System Bronchus Bronchiole Nose Mouth Trachea Alveolus Terminal Bronchiole

9. Sport Books Publisher9 The Alveolus

10. Sport Books Publisher10 Ventilation and the Gas Exchange Oxygen In Carbon Dioxide Out

11. Sport Books Publisher11  Ventilation includes two phases, inspiration and expiration. Gas exchange between the blood and other tissues and oxygen utilization by the tissues are collectively known as internal respiration. Ventilation

12. Sport Books Publisher12 Ventilation n Involves the movement of air into (inspiration) and out of (expiration) the lungs. n Changes in the size of the chest/thoracic cavity, and thus of the lungs, allow us to inhale and exhale air. n Lungs are normally light, soft and spongy to allow for expansion in the thoracic cavity.

13. Sport Books Publisher13 Ventilation n The muscles surrounding the thoracic cavity which result in size change include the: l Diaphragm lExternal Intercostal muscles (expiration) l Internal Intercostal muscles (inspiration)

14. Sport Books Publisher14 Ventilation n During inspiration, the thoracic cavity expands via muscle contractions causing the air pressure inside to be lowered. n The greater outside pressure causes a flow of air into the lungs. n During expiration, thoracic cavity shrinks via muscle relaxation n The greater outside presure causes a flow of air out of the lungs

15. Sport Books Publisher15 Gas Exchange in the Lungs n Gas exchange between the air and blood in the lungs occurs at the alveoli. n Each bubble-like alveolus is surrounded a vast network of pulmonary capillaries. n The atmospheric air which has made its way into each alveolus is rich in oxygen.

16. Sport Books Publisher16 Gas Exchange in the Lungs n The blood in the pulmonary capillaries is loaded with the waste product of carbon dioxide. This difference in concentration of C0 2 and O 2 gases sets up ideal conditions for gas diffusion. n Diffusion is the movement of molecules (in this case, gases) from a higher concentration to a lower concentration n Therefore, oxygen diffuses through the alveolar membrane into deoxygenated pulmonary capillaries.

17. Sport Books Publisher17 Gas Exchange in the Lungs n Carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction, from the carbon dioxide rich pulmonary blood into the alveoli n The oxygenated blood follows the pulmonary circulation to reach the heart (right ventricle) and is distributed through systemic circulation. n Carbon dioxide is exhaled out.

18. Sport Books Publisher18 Gas Exchange at the Alveolus

19. Sport Books Publisher19 Exercise Effects on the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems n The cardiovascular system ensures that adequate blood supply to working muscles, the brain and the heart is maintained. n Also, heat and waste products generated by the muscles are dissipated and removed.

20. Sport Books Publisher20 Aerobic Training Effect on the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

21. Sport Books Publisher21 Cardiac Output n Increase in heart size is one of the benefits that may arise as a result of endurance training. 1. Larger atria and ventricles allow for a greater volume of blood to be pumped each time the heart beats. 2. Increased thickness of the walls of the heart (cardiac muscle) allows for increased contractility (rate of contraction) Exercise Effects on the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems cont.

22. Sport Books Publisher22 Exercise Effects on the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems cont. Capillary Supply n Increased capillarization is another benefit that may arise as a result of endurance training. n Increased capillarization allows for: 1. a greater surface area and reduced distance between the blood and the surrounding tissues 2. increasing diffusion capacity of oxygen and carbon dioxide 3. easing transport of nutrients to cells.

23. Sport Books Publisher23 Exercise Effects on the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems cont. Capillary Supply cont n The a-vO 2 difference of the body can be also improved by endurance training. n Endurance training increases circulation (blood flow) in the capillaries that are next to muscle fibers. n Capillarization also occurs in cardiac muscle, reducing the possibility of cardiac disease and heart attacks.

24. Sport Books Publisher24 Exercise Effects on the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems cont. Blood Volume n Increase in total blood volume along with the number and total volume of red blood cells. n This is done through stimulation of erythropoiesis (formation of new red blood cells) in the bone marrow.

25. Sport Books Publisher25 Exercise Effects on the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems cont. Ventilation n increases with exercise in order to meet the increased demand of gas exchange. n During exercise ventilation can increase from 6 L / min at rest to over 150 L/min during maximal exercise and to more than 200 L/min during maximal voluntary breathing n With exercise/endurance training, the lungs become more efficient in gas exchange.

26. Sport Books Publisher26 Exercise Effects on the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems cont. Oxygen Extraction n similar to ventilation in that the increased air flow allows for more gas exchange. n Additionally, during exercise, body temperature increases. Increased body temperature promotes oxygen extraction, this is known as the Bohr effect.

27. Sport Books Publisher27 Exercise Effects on the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems cont. Summary n Endurance training stimulates many positive adaptations in the cardiovascular system. n It is crucial that the health professional understand these adaptations in order to impart this knowledge to the general population allowing people to live with greater health and a better quality of life.

28. Sport Books Publisher28 Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology Discussion Questions 1. Describe the path and all related steps that a molecule of oxygen would take from the air in the lungs to a muscle cell. 2. Describe the path and all related steps that a molecule of carbon dioxide could take from a muscle cell to the air in the lungs. 3.Define and provide the units for blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, ateriovenous oxygen difference. 4.List the ways in which training improves the effectiveness of the cardiovascular system.

29. Sport Books Publisher29 Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology 5. Describe the two components of blood pressure. What do they measure? 6.What is hemoglobin, where is it found, what is its purpose. 7.What are erythrocytes and reticulocytes? Where are they produced? 8.What is hematocrit? 9.Describe the ways in which carbon dioxide can be transported through the blood. 10.What is VO 2 max? What factors influence this measure? How is it affected by training? Discussion Questions cont.