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Published byCameron McFarland Modified over 10 years ago
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Schizophrenia Characterized by: confused & disordered thoughts & perceptions Most debilitating of the mental disorders Deterioration of adaptive behavior
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Schizophrenia…symptoms
Bizarre behaviors (catatonia, others) Affect (inappropriate, flat) Delusions Speech (disorganized, incoherent) Hallucinations Inability to care for self or function Negative symptoms
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Positive vs. Negative Sx
POSITIVE SYMPTOMS Presence of something abnormal Examples: DELUSIONS, HALLUCINATIONS, DISORGANIZED SPEECH, ODD BODY MVMTS, CATATONIA NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS Absence of something normal Examples: AVOLITION, ALOGIA, ANHEDONIA, FLAT AFFECT
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POSITIVE SYMPTOMS DELUSIONS HALLUCINATIONS DISORGANIZED SPEECH
ODD BODY MOVEMENTS CATATONIA
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Types Grandeur Identity
POSITIVE SYMPTOMS DELUSIONS False beliefs maintained in the face of contrary evidence Types Grandeur Identity Persecution Reference Control HALLUCINATIONS Sensations in the absence of external stimuli Types: visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory
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Of these positive symptoms delusions, in particular, can be broken down into smaller subsets:
Persecutory delusions – False beliefs that one’s self or one’s loved ones are being persecuted, watched, or conspired against by others. Delusions of being controlled – Belief that one’s thoughts, feelings, or behaviors are being imposed or controlled by some external force Thought broadcasting – Belief that one’s thoughts are being broadcast from one’s mind for others to hear Thought insertion – Belief that another person or object is inserting thoughts into one’s head
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Of these positive symptoms delusions, in particular, can be broken down into smaller subsets:
Thought withdrawal – Belief that thoughts are being removed from one’s head by another person or object Delusions of guilt or sin – False belief that one has committed a terrible act or is responsible for come terrible event Somatic delusions – False belief that one’s appearance or part of one’s body is diseased or altered Grandiose delusions – False belief that one has great power, knowledge, or talent or that one is a famous and powerful person
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Colleen D. Gjefle
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NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS AVOLITION: “No Initiative”
ALOGIA: “Speech is Vacant” ANHEDONIA: “No Pleasure” FLAT AFFECT: “The Mask” ASOCIALITY: “No Social Interest”
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SUBTYPES Paranoid Disorganized 3. Catatonic 4. Undifferentiated
5. Residual
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Paranoid Delusions & Hallucinations Intact Cognition and Affect
No Disorganized Speech Best Prognosis
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Disorganized Disorganized Speech Disorganized Behavior
Flat or Inappropriate Affect Delusions & Hallucinations ~Fragmented or lacking a theme Often Chronic
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Catatonic Disorganized Speech Disorganized Behavior
Waxy Flexibility, Rigidity, Odd Mannerisms, Mimicry Flat or Inappropriate Affect Delusions & Hallucinations Fragmented or lacking a theme Often Chronic
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Undifferentiated Beginnings of Breakdown
Major symptoms of Schizophrenia Do NOT meet other criteria “Waste Basket” philosophy
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Residual Have had one episode Now mostly symptom-free
>Q: Once a schizophrenic always a schizophrenic?
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CAUSES
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Causes of Schizophrenia
Genetic Predisposition Twin study evidence Neurotransmitters Dopamine hypothesis Brain Structure & Function Family & Interactions Double-bind theory Schizophrenogenic mother
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TREATMENT/THERAPIES
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MAPPING THE BRAIN
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Map reveals the 3-dimensional profile of gray matter loss in the brains of teenagers with early-onset schizophrenia ~with a region of greatest loss in the temporal and frontal brain regions that control memory, hearing, motor functions, and attention.
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MORE CHARTS
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Approximate number of people in the United States suffering from:
Schizophrenia: Over 2.2 million Multiple Sclerosis: 400,000 Insulin-dependent Diabetes: 350,000 Muscular Dystrophy: 35,000
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FACTS & FIGURES
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After 10 years, of the people diagnosed with schizophrenia:
25% Completely Recover % Much Improved, relatively independent 25% Improved, but require extensive support 15% Hospitalized, unimproved 10% Dead (Mostly Suicide) After 30 years, of the people diagnosed with schizophrenia: 25% Completely Recover % Much Improved, relatively independent 15% Improved, but require extensive support 10% Hospitalized, unimproved % Dead (Mostly Suicide)
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Where are the People with Schizophrenia?
…Approximately: 6% are homeless or live in shelters 6% live in jails or prisons % live in Hospitals % live in Nursing homes % live with a family member % are living independently % live in Supervised Housing (e.g. group homes, etc.) Approximately 200,000 individuals with schizophrenia or manic-depressive illness are homeless, constituting 1/3 of the approximately 600,000 homeless population (total homeless population statistic based on data from Department of Health and Human Services).
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The 45 percent who acknowledged that they needed treatment
The 45 percent who acknowledged that they needed treatment ~(and thus had awareness of their illness) ~but still were not receiving treatment cited many reasons for this. These included (respondent could check several reasons): 32% "wanted to solve problem on own" 27% "thought the problem would get better by itself" 20% "too expensive" 18% "unsure about where to go for help" 17% "help probably would not do any good" 16% "health insurance would not cover treatment
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FY 1999 NIH research expenditures
DISEASE FY 1999 NIH research expenditures Prevalence: Individuals with this disease NIH research dollars per person affected HIV (including AIDS) $1,792,700,000 800,000 $2,240.88 Lung cancer $163,100,000 342,457 $476.26 Cervical cancer $75,200,000 231,064 $325.45 Multiple sclerosis $96,300,000 350,000 $275.14 Breast cancer $474,700,000 2,197,504 $216.02 Colorectal cancer $175,900,000 1,041,499 $168.89 Parkinson’s disease $132,300,000 1,000,000 $132.30 Prostate cancer $177,500,000 1,637,208 $108.42 Alzheimer’s disease $406,500,000 4,000,000 $101.62 Schizophrenia $196,515,000 2,632,396 $74.65 Bipolar disorder $57,805,000 2,227,412 $25.95 Depression $199,600,000 10,732,076 $18.60 Panic disorder $19,049,000 3,239,872 $5.88 Obsessive-Compulsive disorder $12,693,000 4,859,808 $2.61
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