2. Environmental Science What is it????

3. Environmental Science is the study of how humans interact with the environment. What is the environment? It is everything that surrounds us

4. Environmental Problems 1.Resource Depletion – when a large part of a resource has been used up –Natural resource – any natural substance that living things use (sunlight, air, water, soil, minerals, plants, fossil fuels, etc……) –Nonrenewable resource – cannot be replaced –Renewable resource – continually being replaced 2.Pollution – poisoning of our air, water or soil 3.Extinction – the last individual member of a species has died and the species is gone forever

5. Globally: Coal-fired electric generators release SO2 to create acid rain Cars release CO2, causing worldwide climate changes Destruction of tropical rain forests, causing climate changes globally Chlorofluorocarbons destroy ozone

6. Biosphere Thin layer of life around the Earth

7. Two Types of Countries Developed countries –Highly industrialized countries –Higher average income –Ex. – Japan, U.S., Australia, Canada Developing countries –Less industrialized –Lower average income –Ex. – India, Kenya, Columbia

9. Population Crisis What is it? The number of people is growing too quickly for the Earth to support it

11. Root of all Environmental Problems: 1.Consumption crisis – people are using up, wasting or polluting natural resources faster than they can be renewed, replaced or cleaned up 2.Sustainable world – world in which human populations can continue to exist indefinitely with a high standard of living and health

13. Types of Science: Pure science –Science that seeks answers to questions about how the world works –Ex. – Biology, Physics, Chemistry Applied science –Uses the information provided by pure science to solve problems –Ex. – Engineering, Medicine, Environmental Science

14. Ecology The study of how living things are related to each other Is it a pure or applied science? Pure Science

15. Scientific Method: (summary) 1.Observing 2.Hypothesizing and Predicting 3.Experimenting 4.Organizing and Interpreting Data 5.Using Graphics and Sharing Information 6.Communicating Results

16. The Scientific Method All events in the universe can be explained by physical laws Scientists proceed according to time-tested procedures known as the scientific method

17. The goal of science is to discover facts about the natural world and the laws that explain these facts We learn about our outside world through our senses Uses procedures to learn about our world

18. Two ways of thinking: Induction – one starts with a number of separate observations and then arrives at a general principle –Observe a sailfish, a shark and a tuna all have gills, since all 3 are fishes you might conclude that all fish have gills

19. Deduction – reason from general principles to specific conclusions –If all marine animals have gills, and whales are marine animals, then whales must have gills.

20. Hypothesis Both inductive and deductive reasoning lead scientists to make statements that might be true (a hypothesis) and are testable All hypotheses are tested,and incorrect ones are quickly weeded out and discarded Must be stated in a way that allows them to be tested (ex. – “somewhere in the ocean there are mermaids” cannot be proven to be false)

21. Testing the Hypothesis Scientists spend most of their time trying to disprove, not prove, hypotheses When comparing 2 hypotheses, often by rejecting one it strengthens the other Usually simple observation is the best way to test a hypothesis

22. Experiments create situations to test hypotheses instead of relying on naturally occurring events Controlled experiments have only 1 variable, which changes during the course of the experiment Variables are factors that might affect observations

23. The Scientific Theory Theory is a hypothesis that has passed so many tests that it is generally regarded as true Like any hypothesis, it is still subject to rejection if enough evidence accumulates against it

24. Limitations of the scientific method: Scientists are people with human shortcomings No one can be completely objective all the time The insistence on direct observation and testable hypotheses does not allow for value judgments (ex – what is beautiful?)

25. Decision-Making Model 1.Gather information 2.Consider values 3.Explore consequences 4.Make a decision

26. Decision-Making Model Template Names in your group 1.Identify the Problem 2.Your Proposed Solution 3.ValuesProsCons 4.Short-term Effects 5.Long-term Effects 6.Group’s Position (regarding the solution) Defend/Justify your solution!

27. Remember, these are Worldwide Problems

28. Unit 1 Decision-Making Model Situation There is a 100 acre parcel of land that Lake County is deciding how to rezone. A developer wants to bring in a family- friendly neighborhood with 150 homes on ½ acre sites, plus roads & storm drainage. An entrepreneur wants to put in a solar farm that will sell electricity to the existing power grid. She has also agreed to give power to the neighboring subdivision to help lower their electric bills. This has been a predominantly rural area within the Wekiva Springs Protection Area.

29. Unit. 1 Vocabulary Terms (20) Applied science (& example) Biosphere Consumption Crisis Developed nation Developing nation Ecology Environment Experiment, scientific Extinction Hypothesis, scientific Natural resource Nonrenewable natural resource Observations Pollution Population Crisis Pure science (& ex.) Renewable natural resource Statistics Sustainable world Theory, scientific

30. Chapter Review Be able to cite or pick out examples describing the use of renewable resources Know the difference between developing and developed countries –Be prepared to pick out a list of countries from either one –Which type would the population be increasing the slowest? Fastest? –Which country uses up the most natural resources in the world today?

31. Know examples of pure sciences, as well as the definitions for ecology and environmental science Know the steps involved in a scientific experiment, including careful control of the experimental conditions, examples of what would constitute observations, and what makes an accurate prediction about the outcome or a correct scientific conclusion. Be able to list the steps in a scientific experiment as related to a scientific article.

32. Be able to pick out an example of how people’s values affect environmental decision making Why are species being lost to extinction today? Be able to interpret a bar graph correctly. Know what entails a decision-making model, and be prepared to state the problem, the proposed solution, the values to be considered, probable short- term and long-term consequences, and if you would support the proposed solution