2. Application of Single Subject Experimental Designs in Adapted Physical Activity Research: A Descriptive Analysis Jiabei Zhang Western Michigan University Ying Qi Columbia Middle School

3. Application of Single Subject Experimental Designs in Adapted Physical Activity Research: A Descriptive Analysis > Introduction > Method > Results > Discussion > Conclusion

4. Application of Single Subject Experimental Designs in Adapted Physical Activity Research: A Descriptive Analysis > Introduction ~ What are single subject research designs - Small number of Participants. A single participant. Several participants - Time series with two conditions. A baseline condition. An intervention condition ‘ Two conditions are repeated ` Reversal ` Multiple

5. Application of Single Subject Experimental Designs in Adapted Physical Activity Research: A Descriptive Analysis > Introduction ~ Why use single subject research designs - Hard to find a large of participants - Hard to use same dependent tests ~ Application in many areas in researching - Behavioral psychology - Special education - Adapted physical education ~ What is the profile of research using subject research designs in adapted physical education?

6. Application of Single Subject Experimental Designs in Adapted Physical Activity Research: A Descriptive Analysis > Method ~ Data source: All research articles using single subject experimental designs published in the journal of Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly from 1984 to 2013 ~ Code categories and sub-categories: - (a) the size of sample: small or large - (b) the age of participants: children or adults - (c) the type of disabilities: mental or physical - (d) the type of analysis: descriptive or inferred

7. Application of Single Subject Experimental Designs in Adapted Physical Activity Research: A Descriptive Analysis > Method ~ Code categories and sub-categories: - (e) the type of designs: multiple, repeat, other - (f) the independent variables: 4, e.g., therapy - (g) the dependent variables: desired behavior ~ Data coding: two independent people: - Graduate student - Instructor in adapted physical education ~ Data analysis: - Descriptive statistics: #s and %s - Trend inspection: over 30 years

8. Application of Single Subject Experimental Designs in Adapted Physical Activity Research: A Descriptive Analysis > Results ~ the interrater reliability: mean = 96% CategoryAgreementDisagreementCoefficient The size of sample270100.00% The age of participants270100.00% The type of disabilities270100.00% The type of data analysis25292.59% The type of designs24388.88% The independent variable23485.18% The dependent variable23485.18% Mean-----93.12%

9. ~ The Proportion of Completed Research Articles Using Single Subject Designs in Research > Results Application of Single Subject Experimental Designs in Adapted Physical Activity Research: A Descriptive Analysis Total Articles with SSED (A)Total Research Articles (B)% of A in B 276614.08

10. Application of Single Subject Experimental Designs in Adapted Physical Activity Research: A Descriptive Analysis > Results ~ Descriptive Statistics of Coding Subcategories in the Seven Categories of Analysis Category Subcategory Descriptive Statistics f % The size of sample Small sample size (< 10) Large sample size (≥ 10) The age of participants Children (< 18 years old) Adults (≥ 18 years old) 25 92.59 2 7.41 18 66.66 9 33.34

11. Application of Single Subject Experimental Designs in Adapted Physical Activity Research: A Descriptive Analysis > Results ~ Descriptive Statistics of Coding Subcategories in the Seven Categories of Analysis The type of disabilities Learning/behaviors impairments Physical/health impairments The type of data analysis Visual inspection with descriptive statistics Visual inspection with inferred statistics The type of designs Multiple baseline design 23 85.19 4 14.81 22 81.48 5 18.52 12 44.44

12. Application of Single Subject Experimental Designs in Adapted Physical Activity Research: A Descriptive Analysis > Results ~ Descriptive Statistics of Coding Subcategories Basic reversal design Other designs The independent variable Therapy treatment Inclusion research Teaching procedure Consequence study Antecedent research The dependent variable Desired behaviors Undesired behaviors Compound behaviors 8 29.63 7 25.93 8 29.63 6 22.22 5 18.52 2 7.41 2 1 77.77 2 7.41 4 14.81

13. Application of Single Subject Experimental Designs in Adapted Physical Activity Research: A Descriptive Analysis > Results ~ The number of Research Articles Using Single Subject Designs Published over 30 years Phase Period Phase I 1989-1993 Phase II 1989-1993 Phase III 1994-1998 Phase IV 1999-2003 Phase V 2004-2008 Phase VI 2009-2013 Articles764334

14. > Discussion ~ A total of 10 characteristics - A small portion in APAQ - Using a small sample size - Using children as subjects - Focusing on learning/behavior impairments - Visual inspection with descriptive statistics - Using more multiple baseline designs - More on therapy, inclusion, and strategy - Measure more desired behaviors - Showing a decreasing trend over years Application of Single Subject Experimental Designs in Adapted Physical Activity Research: A Descriptive Analysis

15. > Conclusion ~ Profile: a small portion of articles used single subjects designs, in which most researchers used a small sample size, recruited children as subjects, emphasized learning and behavior impairments, selected visual inspection with descriptive statistics in the data analysis, preferred a multiple baseline design, focused on effects of therapy, inclusion, and strategy, and measured desired behaviors more often, with a decreasing trend over years 1984-2013.