1. “The Times they are a-changin’.” Bob Dylan
1960s: An Era of Social Change
Vickie Looser

2. ’60s: An Era of Social Change
Latinos fight for change
Native Americans struggle for equality
African-Americans lead the civil rights movement
Women’s movement pushes for equality
Rebellious youth embrace counterculture
Counterculture impacts fashion, fine arts, and social attitudes

3. Latinos Fight for Change
Large, diverse group of Spanish-speaking Americans
9 million by 1970
Encounter ethnic prejudice and discrimination in jobs and housing
Live in segregated barrios or neighborhoods.
50% higher rate of poverty and joblessness than whites
empaz.org/marcelo/ images/latinos.JPG

4. Latinos demand Respect
Cesar Chavez led United Farm Workers Movement to improve pay and working conditions for farm workers
“Brown power” movements increase cultural pride
Bilingual Education of funds bilingual and cultural heritage programs
Young Mexicans adopt Chicano as symbol of ethnic pride
Organize politically
usinfo.state.gov/usa/ civilrights/a htm
cecchronsp.htm

5. Native Americans Unite
Poorest Americans
Highest unemployment rate
Health Problems: tuberculosis, alcoholism
Termination policies to assimilate fail in 1950s
Protesters demand reform
html/npeople.html

6. African-Americans fight Jim Crow System
Leaders in the Civil Rights Movement
1950s: Fight against segregation
Brown v. Topeka Board of Education orders segregation in public schools, no longer “separate but equal” doctrine
Resistance in Southern states: de jure segregation
1957 crisis in Little Rock to oppose integration of Central High School

7. Civil Rights 1950s 1954: Montgomery Bus Boycott Begun by Rosa Parks
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. helped to lead the Montgomery movement
IHaveADream.htm

8. Civil Rights 1960s 1960 Sit-ins at segregated lunch counters
Freedom riders attacked in Anniston, Alabama
Integration of college campuses
Birmingham’s Children’s Crusades for racial justice
President Kennedy uses federal troops to force desegregation of U of AL
Medgar Evars killed in Mississippi
education.ua.edu/civilrights/ tuscaloosa/album.html

9. “I Have a Dream” 1963 March on Washington
King’s speech appealed for peace and racial harmony
President Kennedy assassinated, President Johnson endorsed Civil Rights Bill
Civil Rights Act of 1964 prevented discrimination to all areas of public accommodations

10. Freedom Summer, 1964 SNCC organized voter registration project
Selma-to-Montgomery march to promote voting rights movement
Voting Rights Act of 1965 eliminated the literacy test
info-mac-projects.htm

11. Changes in the Civil Rights Movement
Northern de facto segregation resulted in urban violence
Race riots in Harlem, Watts
Demands for economic equality of opportunity in jobs, housing, and education
LBJ promotes his War on Poverty to establish his Great Society Program

12. New Voices in Civil Rights
Malcolm X and Black Muslims promote Black Pride
“Ballots or bullets” became new slogan
Broke with Nation of Islam and Elijah Muhammad
Preached black superiority and separation from whites
Assassinated in 1965
referate/englisch/r0439t00.htm

13. Radicalism in Civil Rights
Black Panthers organized in 1966 to fight police brutality
Advocated taking control of communities in which Blacks lived, full employment, and decent housing
Adopted Mao Zedong’s slogan “Power flows out of the barrel of a gun”
Feared by whites who objected to revolutionary rhetoric
greenlantern.htm

14. 1968: Turning Point in Civil Rights
Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated in Memphis in April
Urban rioting in major cities
Kerner Commission stated major cause of urban rioting to be white racism
Civil Rights Act of 1968 banned discrimination in housing

15. Civil Rights Gains by 1970 24th Amendment banned Poll Tax
African-Americans expressed greater pride in their racial identity
More African Americans in movies, television shows, and commercials
2/3 of African Americans registered to vote
Increase in African Americans holding elected office
Affirmative action programs promoted hiring of groups who suffered discrimination in the past

16. Women Fight for Equality
Feminism promoted economic, political, and social equality with men
1961 Presidential Commission reported wage discrimination in the workplace
Women inspired by civil rights and antiwar movements
Women shared in “consciousness-raising” sessions
Women.htm

17. The Feminine Mystique
Betty Friedan’s book exposed discontent of U. S. women
Women’s Liberation movement achieved political and social gains for women
fp60iger.htm

18. NOW opposed sex discrimination
Urged creation of more child care facilities and improved educational opportunities for women
Pressured EEOC to enforce ban on gender discrimination in hiring
Staged protest at Miss America pageant
Gloria Steinem founded National Women’s Political Caucus to encourage women to seek political office
1972 Ban on gender discrimination in higher education
MS-NR.html

19. Roe v. Wade, 1973
Supreme Court ruled women had the right to choose an abortion in first three months of pregnancy
Americans divided over abortion issue
special/roewade

20. Equal Rights Amendment
Guaranteed “equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.”
Sparked fierce opposition
Phyllis Schlafly led Stop-ERA campaign
Ratified by 35 states, but needed 38
Failed in ratification movement that ended in 1982

21. Gains by Women’s Movement
Opened up new opportunities for American women
Created new opportunities in education, employment, and politics
Women viewed their jobs as lifetime careers
“Glass ceiling” recognized as an invisible, but real resistance to promoting women into top positions
CR32003/Cacalicr3/page%205.htm

22. “Tune in, turn on, drop out.”—Timothy Leary
Youth embrace Counterculture
Hippies criticize American materialism, technology, and war
Many chose to protest by leaving society to live in communes
photographs.html

23. Age of Aquarius Desire an idyllic setting of peace, love and harmony
Embrace rock ‘n’ roll music, outrageous clothes, and liberal use of drugs
Experiment with marijuana and LSD (acid)
Photos.html

24. “Do your own thing.”
Hippies rejected the establishment by wearing outrageous clothes
Long hair and beards for men
Ragged jeans, tie-dyed T-shirts, and surplus military garments
Beads and Native American ornaments
1998/default.htm

25. Hippies adopt communal lifestlyes
Reject conventional home life
Adopt group living arrangements
Live together in cooperation and harmony
Escape to rural communes or crowd together in urban “crash pads”
Hippie Capital—Haight-Ashbury district in San Francisco
Haight-Ashbury.htm

26. Lifestyle turns to violence and disillusioment
Youths embrace new and different religious experiences
Zen Buddhism offered enlightenment though meditation, self-contemplaation, and intuition
Spiritual guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi of India influenced many to embrace transcendental meditation
Communities change to violence and disillusionment
Charles Manson and his “family” kill 5 in Hollywood
Widespread use of drugs led to overdoses, drug dependence, and mental and physical breakdowns
Rock singer Janis Joplin and guitarist Jimi Hendrix died of drug overdoses
Hippies ran out of resources to support themselves and turn to panhandling, welfare, and food stamps

27. A Changing Culture Andy Warhol led rise of pop art
Bright silk-screen portraits of soup cans, Marilyn Monroe and other icons of mass culture
New art built around popular culture
Pop-Art3.html
pop-andy-warhol-campbells-soup

28. New Fashions Longer hair, beards, mustaches for men
Colorful and comfortable clothes for women
Blue jeans become wardrobe staple for everyone
groovyGear.htm
fd_70smale.htm

29. British Invasion by the Beatles
Rock ‘n’ roll developed from African-American rhythm and blues music
Captivated the teenagers of the 1950s but evolved
Led by the popularity of The Beatles
Inspired numerous other bands

30. Woodstock Art and Music Fair
August, 1969 in upstate New York
Free music festival for 3 days and nights
400,000 show up for “Human Be-in”
Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Joe Cocker, Joan Baez, the Grateful Dead, and Jefferson Airplane appeared on stage
musiikki.html

31. Changing Social Attitudes
Sexual Revolution: view sexual behavior and human relationships more casually
Mass culture openly address former taboo subjects
Divorce rate doubled
Homosexual organizations openly fight for equal rights
Hollywood produces more sexually explicit films results in rating system for movies

32. Changes spawn conservative backlash
Casual and permissive social behavior condemned by many
Counterculture and antiwar movement perceived as promoting lawlessness and chaos
Conservative backlash helped to elect Richard Nixon

33. Bibliography
Danzer, Gerald A. et al. The Americans: Reconstruction through the 20th Century. Dallas: McDougal Little, 1999.
Pictures retrieved from Google.com/Images

34. 1960s: An era of change
Vickie Looser
Summer, 2004