1. Fighting of the American Revolution

2. Loyalists vs. Patriots Loyalists Patriots Disagree with independence
Support England/Crown
Judges, governors
Lived far from cities, not exposed to taxes/acts
Thought the British were going to win
Thought England would better protect their interests
Supporters of Independence
People saw economic opportunity in an independent America
Farmers, artisans, merchants, landowners, elected officials
About half of the population

3. Advantages/Disadvantages
Familiarity of the land
Not fighting for a cause
Strong, well-trained army
Shortage of food and ammunition
Leadership of George Washington
Inferior/no navy
Fighting for a cause-Independence
No central government
Guerilla warfare
No Bank
Strong central government
Weak leadership
Troops unfamiliar with the land
Large distance to ship troops/weapons
Had money/banks
Fought in straight lines/red uniforms
Soldiers are untrained/undisciplined
Had support of the French
Support of Native Americans/loyalists

4. British vs. Americans British Americans Strong, well-trained army
Strong central government
Troops unfamiliar with the land
Had money/banks
Support of Native Americans/loyalists
Not fighting for a cause
Weak leadership
Large distance to ship troops/weapons
Fought in straight lines/red uniforms
Familiarity of the land
Leadership of George Washington
Fighting for a cause-Independence
Guerilla warfare
Soldiers are untrained/undisciplined
Shortage of food and ammunition
Inferior/no navy
No central government
No Bank
Had support of the French

5. Knowing the Sides British Americans Loyalists Red Coats Lobster Backs
English
Tory
Patriots
Rebels
Continentals
Minutemen

6. First Phase
British tried to take New England- were unsuccessful at Lexington & Concord
Sullivan’s Island- reason the British focus on the North
Decided to move the Middle Atlantic States to stop the rebellion by isolating New England
Wanted to take Saratoga

7. Phase Two Battle of Trenton
Americans were in a bad situation- fewer than 8,000 men remained and many were very sick
Needed a victory to improve morale and get foreign aid
Washington decided to risk everything on Christmas night, 1776
Despite a storm, Washington and his 2,400 men crossed the Delaware River to launch a surprise attack on Trenton, NJ
By 8:00 Washington and his men had marched 9 miles in the snow to Trenton
In the surprise attack, the Americans killed 30 and took 918 captive
After this attack, the Americans won again in Princeton
These victories boosted morale and helped Washington regroup

9. Battle of Saratoga British General: Burgoyne
His plan was to lead an army down from Canada to Albany where he would meet British General Howe from NYC
The two generals would join forces and cut off New England
British had 4,000 Red Coats, 3,000 Hessians, and 1,000 Indians
American General: Horatio Gates
Gathered militiamen and soldiers from all over NY and New England
Americans surrounded Burgoyne, and continued attacking
British surrendered October 17, 1777

10. Effects of Saratoga
British changed their war strategy- stayed close to the coast where they could easily get reinforcements
TURNING POINT: French were still angry from the French & Indian War, so once they saw America could win after Saratoga, the French agreed to help America
France agreed to give Americans support- TREATY OF ALLIANCE OF 1778
Ben Franklin negotiated it with the French
Recognized American independence
Agreed not to make peace with Britain unless England recognized American independence
Led to British turning their attention to the South

11. Phase 3- The South
Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South.
Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving.
The British win a number of small victories, but could not overcome the countryside
Fighters in the countryside used guerilla warfare, were committed to winning

12. Phase 3- The Carolinas Battle of Charleston Battle of Camden
British took over the city- biggest defeat of the Patriots
Battle of Camden
Major mistakes of the Americans, led to their defeat
Battle of Kings Mountain
Americans vs. Americans
Defeat of the loyalists, gives Americans confidence
Battle of Cowpens
Best planned battle of the war
Huge defeat of the British

15. Phase 3- End of the War
Defeats in Carolina led the British to retreat back north
Cornwallis decided to take his men on boats from VA back to NY
Washington found out about this plan and changed his own plan
Leads to Battle of Yorktown

16. Phase 3- Battle of Yorktown
Leading up to the battle
Washington left NY to surround Cornwallis at Yorktown, VA
Kept the plan secret so the British wouldn’t know Washington was on the move
Washington would surround the British on the west, and the French would arrive off the coast to keep the British from leaving on their boats, and from receiving aid/reinforcements

17. Battle of Yorktown October 19, 1781

18. Yorktown
Cornwallis retreated from Carolinas to New York and waited for help from Clinton and British navy in Yorktown.
French fleet blocked York River and harbor so British navy could not reach and help Cornwallis.
Washington shelled British army for 3 weeks.

19. Yorktown – 1781
17,000 Americans were fighting. Washington and French leaders surrounded the British troops – right and left.
Last desperate attempt to stop Americans – sent runaway slaves to infect with small pox over to infect American and French troops.
British surrounded and Cornwallis surrenders

20. RESULTS
1. Official papers were signed on the 19th, making the war officially over.
[While papers signed, British band played song “The World Turned Upside Down”.]

21. Treaty of Paris -1783

22. Treaty of Paris - 1783 Peace treaty did the following:
Formally recognized The United States of America as a separate country
Boundaries of U.S. from Mississippi River to Atlantic Ocean.

23. Problems Facing the New Nation
U.S. lost main trading partner.
U.S. now had to create document to govern 13 states that considered states more important than a national government.

24. Map of United States of America - 1783