1. DNA: Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid The Genetic Material Chapter 2: Introduction to DNA Ms. Gaynor Honors Genetics

2. DNA Deoxyribose nucleic acid  type of nucleic acid –What is the other type of nucleic acid? RNA DNA function –to hold genetic code –Genetic code = genetic instructions to make proteins DNA is found in nucleus of eukaryotic cells Found in nucleoid region in prokaryotes

3. The Short History of DNA and Genetics (Part 1) From 1866-1953

4. Searching for Genetic Material Gregor Mendel (1866): –discovered that inherited traits are determined by discrete units, or 'genes,’ - passed on from the parents. Freidrich Miescher(1868): –discovered DNA –Isolated something new from the nuclei of eukaryotic cells Later called DNA!!!

5. Searching for Genetic Material Thomas Hunt Morgan (1910): –Worked with fruit flies Specifically eye color of these flies! –Discovered genes are located (linked) on chromosomes

6. Searching for Genetic Material Fredrick Griffith (1928): –Studied effects of virulent (virus-causing) bacteria vs. nonvirulent bacteria injected into mice –Used transformation: Inserted foreign DNA and changed protein/ trait –believed that the transforming agent was an inheritance molecule.

7. Non- virulent vs. Virulent Bacteria SM OO TH: ki ll ROUGH: harmless

8. BAD/HARMFUL NOT HARMFUL/BENI GN

9. Griffith's Transformation Experiment Used the Pneumococcus bacteria –Include2 types: a virulent S strain with a Smooth coat –ki ll s mice a non-virulent R Rough strain –does not kill mice. Heat destroys (kills) living cells!!! When heated Smooth (harmful) cells (DEAD) are mixed with living Rough (benign) cells and injected into mice, the mouse dies. –WHY? http://www.quia.com/files/quia/users/hlrbiology/Animations/08_DNA_and_Proteins/Griffith_Mouse_E xperiment.swf http://www.quia.com/files/quia/users/hlrbiology/Animations/08_DNA_and_Proteins/Griffith_Mouse_E xperiment.swf

10. Searching for Genetic Material http://brookings.k12.sd.us/biology/ch12DNARNA/Chapter%2012A.mpg

11. Searching for Genetic Material Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, & Maclyn McCarty (1944): Reported that “transforming agent” in Griffith's experiment was DNA. Also used the Pneumococcus bacteria and test tubes (NOT mice)

12. The Avery, et al. Experiment Used S (harmful) strain –Opened up the cells –Isolated DNA, proteins and other materials SEPERATELY –Mixed R bacteria with these different materials –Only those mixed with DNA were transformed into S bacteria. S DNA + R Bacteria S PROTEINS + R Bacteria  TEST TUBE S OTHER S CELL PARTS (sugar/RNA) + R Bacteria  http://wps.aw.com/bc_russell_ig en_me_1/

14. Discovering the Structure of DNA Edwin Chargaff (1950) Discovered a 1:1 ratio of adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine in DNA samples from a variety of organisms.

15. Chargaff's Rule (Data) Relative Proportions (%) of Bases in DNA ORGANISM ATGC Human30.929.419.919.8 Chicken28.829.220.521.5 Grasshopper29.3 20.520.7 Sea Urchin32.832.117.717.3 Wheat27.327.122.722.8 Yeast31.332.918.717.1 E. coli24.723.626.025.7

16. Discovering the structure of DNA Chargaff movie and Building Blocks movie http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dna /animations.html Chargaff’s Rules A = T C = G

17. Discovering the structure of DNA Maurice Wilkins (1952) Photographed DNA using x- ray crystallography Worked with another scientists named Rosalind Franklin Awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Watson and Crick

18. Linus Pauling’s TRIPLE helix Pauling Triple Helix Model http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dna/animations.html Linus Pauling (1954) proposed a triple helix structure for DNA

19. Discovering the structure of DNA Rosalind Franklin (1952) Obtained sharp X-ray diffraction photographs of DNA (Photo 51) Watson and Crick used her data  revealed its helical shape Watson and Crick went on to win Nobel Prize (1962) for their DNA model Photo 51

20. How did PHOTO 51 reveal DNA’s helical shape?

22. X-rays passing through a helix diffract at angles perpendicular to helix making an "X" pattern, which favors an equal diameter "helix".

23. She finally gets credit Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, located on Green Bay Road in North Chicago, Illinois

24. Searching for Genetic Material Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase (1952) –Confirmed DNA was genetic material –Used bacteriophages (viruses) –HYPOTHESIZED  DNA, not protein, is the hereditary material

25. Searching for Genetic Material Hershey and Chase Experiment Animation http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter14/a nimations.html

26. Searching for Genetic Material Hershey and Chase Experiment

27. Discovering the structure of DNA James Watson & Francis Crick (1953) Discovered double helix structure Solved the three-dimensional structure of the DNA molecule Watson Constructing Bair Pairs movie http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dna/animations.html