1. Mr. Wax Meridian Joint School District No 2 1/11/2013
IED Semester test
Mr. Wax
Meridian Joint School District No 2
1/11/2013

2. Design Process 6 steps List the 6 steps of the design process.
Identify the problem
Generate concepts
Develop a solution
Construct and test a prototype
Evaluate the solution
Present the solution

3. More on the design process
What is a design brief?
A short document that tells everyone
Problem statement (what is the problem)
Design statement (what you are going to do)
Customer
Constraints
Deliverables
When is it written?
As part of step one, Identify the problem.

4. Still more on the design process
What are criteria?
Goals for the project
What are constraints?
Limits on the project
What are deliverables?
What you must “deliver” to the customer.

5. Engineer’s Notebook What is an engineers notebook?
A permanent record of everything the engineer does on a project.
What are the rules of a notebook?
List them all
What is a Portfolio>
A record that demonstrates to others what you have learned, what you can do.

6. Brainstorming What is the purpose of Brainstorming?
Create as many ideas as possible in a short amount of time.
What are the rules?
No Criticizing
Go for quantity
Welcome piling on
Have fun, welcome wild ideas
Write them all down

7. S.I. Unit prefixes What does SI stand for? (not a magazine)
System international
Convert .24 km to m.
240 m.
Convert 1250 µg to mg
1.25 mg
Convert 12 kg to Mg
.012 Mg

8. Unit Conversion What does SI stand for? (not a magazine)
System international
Convert .24 km to m.
240 m.
Convert 1250 µg to mg
1.25 mg
Convert 12 kg to Mg
.012 Mg

9. Conversion of Units – SI System
Unit Conversion
Introduction to Engineering Design – Lesson Measurement and Statistics
Conversion of Units – SI System
Prefixes indicate the power of 10
Power of 10
Prefix
Abbreviation
101
deca- da
102
hecto- h
103
kilo- k
106
Mega- M
109
Giga- G
Power of 10
Prefix
Abbreviation
10-1
deci- d
10-2
centi- c
10-3
milli- m
10-6
micro-
10-9
nano- n
Conversion Factor
Given unit in denominator, desired unit in numerator
Grams to micrograms: g = 1 µg or 1 μg 10 −6 g
Conversion factors are based on equivalencies between units. The prefix table given on the PLTW Engineering Formula Sheet provides the equivalencies of SI units in terms of powers of 10.
So, for example, one decaliter is equivalent to 10^1 liters. [click]
One nanogram is equivalent to 10^-9 gram. [click]
Conversion factors are created by using these equivalencies in the form of a fraction equal to 1. [click]
Since 1 microgram is equivalent to 10^-6 grams, the fraction (1µg/10^-6g) is equal to one. [click]
Note: There is a memory aid that can be used with SI System prefixes. The prefixes that describe first three orders of magnitude of large quantities have hash ‘k’ pronunciations. The prefixes that describe first three orders of magnitude of small quantities have soft pronunciations.
Desired Unit
Given Unit
Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2012

10. Conversion of Units – U S System
Unit Conversion
Introduction to Engineering Design – Lesson Measurement and Statistics
Conversion of Units – U S System
Example: Convert 17.2 yards to feet
17.2 yd ·
3 ft 1 yd
= 51.6 ft
1 yd = 3 ft
To convert among U S Customary units, simply apply a conversion factor using appropriate equivalency in which the desired unit is in the numerator and the given unit is in denominator. What is the appropriate conversion factor to convert yards to feet? [allow students to answer] [click]
So the yards cancel and you are left with feet. [click]
Assume that the conversion factors are exact numbers – therefore, the number of significant digits indicating the precision of the number should not change when you convert to an alternate unit. [Click]
Note: Technically, the number of significant digits should remain the same after conversion.
Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2012

11. Drawings What type of drawing is this?
Oblique
What are the three main types o of oblique drawing?
Cavalier, Cabinet and general
What is the proper angle between the depth line and a horizontal line?
30°, 45°, or 60° are preferred, but any are acceptable

12. Drawing 2 What type of drawing is this?
Isometric
What is the proper angle the depth lines make with the horizon?
ALWAYS 30°
What is the scale relationship between the height and the width?
1:1

13. Drawing 3 What type of drawing is this? How many view do you need?
Orthographic
How many view do you need?
That depends

14. Drawing 4 What type of drawing is this? How do you know that?
Two point perspective.
How do you know that?
From it shrinking to two points in the distance.
What is the name of the two points?
Vanishing points.

15. Construction Line
Very lightly drawn lines to guide drawing other lines and shapes
What is this line called?

16. Object Line Thick and dark Define the object What is this line called?

17. Hidden Line
Show interior detail not visible from the outside of the part
What is this line called?
What is this line called?

18. Center Line Define the center of arcs, circles, or symmetrical parts
Half as thick as an object line
What is this line called?
What is this line called?

19. Dimension Line Shows distance
Presentation Name
Course Name
Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name
Dimension Line
Shows distance
Arrows drawn on ends to show where dimension line starts and ends
Actual distance is typically located in middle of this line to display distance
What is this line called?
What is this line called?

20. Extension Line Shows where a dimension starts and stops
Presentation Name
Course Name
Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name
Extension Line
Shows where a dimension starts and stops
Used with dimension lines
Line is 1/16” away from part to avoid confusion with object lines
What is this line called?
What is this line called?

21. Leader Line Show dimensions of arcs, circles and detail
Presentation Name
Course Name
Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name
Leader Line
Show dimensions of arcs, circles and detail
What is this line called?
What is this line called?

22. Precedence of Lines
Complex object sketches may require different line types to overlap
Line precedence must be used
Rules that govern line precedence in sketches and technical drawings
Object lines take precedence over hidden and center lines
Hidden lines take precedence over center lines
Cutting plane lines take precedence over all others

23. Rules for Choosing a Front View
Recommendations for how to select the front view
Most natural position or use
Shows best shape and characteristic contours
Longest dimensions
Fewest hidden lines
Best side and top views
In addition to selecting the best front view, you must decide how many views are required to fully describe an object. In many cases, three views (Top, Front and Right Side). But sometimes less views are required in order for the part geometry to be correctly interpreted.

24. Number of Orthographic Projections
One View
Uniform thickness or shape
Two views would be identical
All dimensions properly and easily shown on one view
Only one view may be required if the part has a uniform thickness (such as a flat plate) or a uniform shape (such as a cylindrical shape).
If two views would be identical and all dimensions are easily shown on one view, additional views may not be necessary.

25. Number of Orthographic Projections
Two Views
Symmetrical part
A third view would be identical to one other
Second view is necessary for depth
Only two views may be required if the part is symmetrical such that a third view would be identical to another. However a second view is necessary to show a depth that is not constant.

26. Introduction to Summary Statistics
Central Tendency
“Center” of a distribution
Mean, median, mode
Variation
Spread of values around the center
Range, standard deviation, interquartile range
Distribution
Summary of the frequency of values
Frequency tables, histograms, normal distribution
[click] The average value of a variable (like rainfall depth) is one type of statistic that indicates central tendency – it gives an indication of the center of the data. The median and mode are two other indications of central tendency.
But often we need more details on how much a quantity can vary. [click] Statistical dispersion is the variability or spread of data. The range, standard deviation and interquartile range are indications of dispersion.
[click] Even more detail about a variable can be shown by a frequency distribution which shows a summary of the data values are distributed throughout the range of values. Frequency distributions can be shown by frequency tables, histograms, box plots, or other summaries.

27. More Statistics
The mean is the sum of the values of a set of data divided by the number of values in that data set.
The most frequently occurring value in a set of data is the mode
Bimodal Data Set: Two numbers of equal frequency stand out
Multimodal Data Set: If more than two numbers of equal frequency stand out
The median is the value that occurs in the middle of a set of data that has been arranged in numerical order.
If an even number in the data set, take the mean of the two center values

28. Still More
The range is the difference between the largest and smallest values that occur in a set of data.
The standard deviation is a measure of the spread of data values.
A larger standard deviation indicates a wider spread in data values

29. Introduction to Summary Statistics
Normal Distribution Distribution
If the data are normally distributed:
68% of the observations fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean.
95% of the observations fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean.
99.7% of the observations fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean.
Many quantities tend to follow a normal distribution – heights of people, test scores, errors in measurement, etc.
Given normally distributed data, 68% of the data values should fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean, 95% should fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean and 99.7 % should fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean.
Of course, with small samples/populations, these percentages may not hold exactly true because the number of values will not allow divisions to this precision.