1. AIM: What causes weathering and erosion?

2. Weathering is the physical and chemical breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces called sediment. Due to: Air Water Pressure changes Actions of living things

3. Physical Weathering Breaking a rock by force – Ex: hitting, scratching, cracking The smaller pieces of rock have the same composition as the rock they came from.

4. CAUSES OF PHYSICAL WEATHERING: 1.Freezing & Thawing (ice wedging): a)Water seeps into cracks in rocks and freezes when the temperature drops. b)Water expands when it freezes. c)With repeated freezing and thawing, the cracks expand until pieces of the rock break off.

5. Ice Wedging Happens the most in areas where the temperature swings above and below freezing

6. 2.Release of Pressure (exfoliation): a release of pressure can cause outside layers of a rock to crack and flake off like an onion

7. 3. Plant Growth: roots of plants can enter tiny cracks in rock and force the cracks further apart.

9. 4. Abrasion This process occurs when sediments carried by streams and wind blown sand causes particles to collide into each other and the surrounding rock.

13. Chemical Weathering Rock material is changed into another substance by reacting with a chemical.

14. Causes of Chemical Weathering 1.Water: weathers rock by DISSOLVING it. - most important cause of chemical weathering Weathering Granite

15. Causes of Chemical Weathering 2.Oxygen: oxygen in the air can combine with minerals in a rock. – For example, when oxygen combines with iron minerals, iron oxide (RUST) forms. – The chemical change of the mineral weakens the rock and the rock crumbles.

16. Causes of Chemical Weathering 3.Carbon Dioxide: dissolves in rainwater to form carbonic acid. - Carbonic acid reacts with certain rocks and minerals that include: calcite, limestone, marble and chalk.

17. Caves form as a result of carbonic acid weathering rock

18. Sinkholes formed as a result of chemical weathering

19. Limestone bedrock

20. Carbonic acid rain water seeps into the limestone bedrock through the cracks. This water dissolves the limestone rock.

21. 1.Sinkholes 2.Columns 3.Stalactites 4.Stalagmites

22. Causes of Chemical Weathering 4. Living Organisms: plants can produce acids that chemically breakdown rock. Lichens chemically weathering a fallen tree

23. 5.Man-made Acids – Gases produced by humans can dissolve in the water droplets of a cloud to produce acid rain. – H 2 SO 4 – sulfuric acid – HNO 3 – nitric acid Causes of Chemical Weathering

24. Acid Rain formation

26. What affects the RATE of weathering? 1. Type of Rock: some minerals break down more easily than others.

29. What affects the RATE of weathering? 2. Climate: weathering occurs FASTER in locations with wet climates.

30. Due to climate and different weathering processes, landscapes develop differently. Arid climateHumid climate

31. What affects the RATE of weathering? 3. Particle Size: Weathering takes place on the outside surface of rocks. – The more surface area that is exposed to weathering, the faster the rock will be broken down. – As a rock breaks into smaller pieces, the surface area increases, therefore the rate of weathering increases.

32. A full solid block has the least surface area. The interior is safe from exposure. A smashed piece has the greatest surface area exposed. The interior can now be attacked.