1. The Lymphatic System
February 2011

2. Functions
drains and filters protein containing fluids from tissue which has escaped from blood capillaries
transport fats from gastrointestinal tract to the blood
defense – protect the body from foreign cells, microbes, cancer cells

3. Lymph vessels

4. Major Structures of the Lymphatic System
Tonsils
Adenoids
Spleen
Thymus
Peyer’s Patch
Appendix
Lymph (fluid)
Vessels
Lymph nodes

5. Lymph Organs

6. Structure Details
lymph – clear and colorless; composed of water, lymphocytes, nutrients, hormones, and salts; also known as intercellular or interstitial fluid. Originates in blood plasma.
lymph vessels – carry fluid; more permeable than blood capillaries.

7. Lymph

8. Structure Details
lymph nodes – small round structures located in lymph vessels; they are located in clusters in the following areas: cervical (neck), axillary (armpits), pectoral (chest), abdominal (stomach), inguinal (groin area), popliteal (back of leg, behind knees)
Function: they fight disease by producing antibodies, removing bacteria or malignant cells, and filtering foreign substances; contains large amounts of lymphocytes and macrophages

9. Structure Details
tonsils & adenoids- lymph tissue located in the upper portions of the nose and throat
spleen – largest lymphatic organ composed of lymph tissue that is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen
Function: production of B lymphocytes; phagocytizes bacteria and worn out damaged RBC; stores and releases blood in case of demand

10. Structure Details
thymus- lymph tissue; located on top of heart, reaches maximum size in puberty and decreases thereafter
Function: help produce T- cells

12. Cells of the lymphatic system
macrophages – large phagocytic cell (cells eats bad stuff) (like pacman chewing it up)
lymphocytes – originate in the bone marrow; type of white blood cell that provides immunity

13. Macrophage

14. Lymphocytes
T lymphocytes – (thymus dependent) 80% of lymphocytes are T cells.
Different types of T cells –
cytotoxic T cells – respond to foreign antigens by attaching to the foreign antigen (interact directly with the cells – called cell-mediated immunity) (Memory cells that recognize an antigen immediately become cytotoxic T cells.)
helper T cells – stimulate the activation and function of other T cells and B cells
suppressor T cells – inhibit the activation and function of other T cells and B cells

16. Lymphocytes Continued
B lymphocytes – (bone marrow-derived) respond to foreign antigens by producing antibodies that destroy the antigen-bearing particles (don’t interact directly with the cells – called antibody-mediated immunity)
Antibodies (immunoglobulins) – destroy any cell that bearing the matching antigen.

17. NK (natural killer) cells
NK cells recognize and destroy abnormal cells.
They constantly monitor normal tissues (called immunological surveillance).
A single NK cell can attack bacteria in the interstitial fluid, body cells infected with viruses or cancer cells. Abnormal cells occur throughout life. Cancer arises when the abnormal cells divide faster than the T cells can kill them.

19. Cells of Lymphatic
If a microbe that can cause infection gets past your body’s initial barriers (mechanical barrier) First line of defense (skin, mucus), T cells are the army troops that do the fighting (B cells are the armed guards that hold a grudge).

20. Antigen vs. Antibody
Antigen – proteins, polysaccharides, lipids that are located on a cell’s surface that elicit an immune response
Self antigens- proteins that the body cells recognize as “self”
Non-self- proteins that the body does not recognize

21. Continued…
Antibody – protein that B cells produce in response to the presence of a non-self antigen.
When an antibody combines with an antigen, it renders the antigen-bearing cell/particle inactive and leads to the destruction of the cell.
Causes agglutination or massing of cells together so they can be destroyed.

22. Agglutination of antigens with matching antibodies

23. Nonspecific Defense
Mechanical barrier: physical barrier between the body and pathogen. Ex: skin, mucous membranes, cilia, epiglottis. First line of defense for the body.
Species resistance: a given organism develops diseases that are unique to it. Examples are mumps, gonorrhea and syphilis infect humans but not other animals.
Disease may affect different animals differently.

24. Nonspecific Defense
all except mechanical barrier are second line of defense
chemical barrier: enzymes in body fluid that can damage, kill or make the environment uninhabitable for the pathogen. Ex. Gastric juice, tears, salt in sweat
fever: endogenous pyrogen (protein) raises the set point in the brain for body temperature. The higher temperature reduces the levels of iron in the blood that the pathogen needs to survive. Also, phagocytic cells attack more vigorously
inflammation: redness, swelling, heat, and pain due to a pathogen invasion, inhibits microbial growth. Increases blood flow through the area.

26. Specific Defense (Immunity)
Third line of defense
resistance to particular pathogens or to their toxins
cell-mediated immunity – this is where T-cells, B-cells, and macrophages are activated.

27. Specific Defense (Immunity)
Antibody-mediated immunity
Immune responses
Primary immune response – B cells and T cells are activated and fight the pathogen. Anti-bodies are produced (takes 5-10 days to reach detectable levels)
Secondary immune response – Some of the B cells activated by the primary response remain dormant as memory cells; if the antigen is encountered in the future, the memory B cells immediately begin to produce the antibody

28. Active and Passive Immunity
Active immunity – results when a person produces an immune response to an antigen that is long-lasting
Occurs naturally when a person is exposed to a pathogen and develops a disease; person gains resistance by initiating a primary immune response.
The primary immune response gives immunity or a secondary immune response.

29. Active Immunity Continued
Occurs artificially when a person receives a vaccine (bacteria or viruses that have been killed or weakened so they can’t cause a serious infection); but they still contain antigens that stimulate an immune response; doesn’t always last for life.
Still activates a secondary immune response.

30. Passive Immunity
Occurs when a person receives antibodies produced by another individual; person does not have an immune response, so immunity is short-term.
Occurs naturally when antibodies pass from mother’s blood into fetal bloodstream, also thru breastfeeding; fetus acquires immunity against pathogens that mother has developed immunity against; lasts 6 months to a year after birth.
Occurs artificially when a person receives antiserum (ready-made antibodies).

31. Types of Acquired Immunity
Mechanism
Result
Naturally acquired active immunity
Exposure to pathogens
Symptoms of disease and an immune response
Artificially acquired active immunity
Vaccine
Stimulation of immune response without severe symptoms of disease
Artificially acquired passive immunity
Injections of antibodies (antiserum)
Short term immunity without an immune response
Naturally acquired passive immunity
Antibodies passed to fetus
Short term immunity for infant without immune response (lasts 6 mths to 1 yr)

32. Vaccines
Mixtures of antigens (killed microbes, those that are unable to cause infection, or proteins not recognized as self).
Administered orally, nasally, inoculation - not for life – usually repeated.

33. Immune System Concerns
Three types of immune system disorders …
Autoimmune Disorders
Allergies
Immunodeficiency Disease

34. Autoimmune Disorders –
a. Your system attacks your own self cells
b. Occurs when bacteria/virus causes T cells to attack body’s own macrophage. Eventually killer T cells start to view other cells in the body as foreign
c. Examples: Lupus, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Multiple Sclerosis

35. Allergies –
a. Allergens cause the system to have a hypersensitivity reaction which causes an excessive immune response. Severity can change year to year and some start late in life – genetics can predispose people to allergies
b. Delayed reaction allergy results from repeated exposure to antigens

36. Allergies Continued
c. IgE antibodies cause the release of histamine …. Initiating allergic reactions which can damage the tissues in the body
d. dilation of blood vessels, increased vascular permeabilty, swelling, contract of bronchial and smooth muscles, increased mucous production

37. Allergies Continued
e. the result is severe inflammation- hives, hay fever, asthma, or gastric disturbances
f. some are seasonal and others are year round (food)
g. A severe allergic reaction (sudden breathing difficulty) is anaphylaxis can cause anaphylactic shock which can lead to death – treatment is an epinephrine injection or tracheotomy. Symptoms of an anaphylactic shock: hives, vomiting, diarrhea, face, tongue and larynx swell

38. Immunodeficiencies
(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus. HIV targets helper T cells, which makes a person infected unable to fight against this virus.
Over time, the person is deficient in helper T cells  immunodeficiency. It is acquired (rather than induced) via lifestyle choices (unprotected sex, intravenous drug use) or events (blood transfusions)

39. Immunodeficiencies
initial symptoms- weakness, recurrent fever, night sweats, swollen glands, weight loss (similar symptoms of the flu)
latency period years person feels well, immune system struggles with growing HIV invading cells
AIDS (third stage)-opportunistic infection. Those infected don’t die from AIDS, they die due to the flu, pneumonia, etc because their immune system is so weak, they can’t fight anymore.