1. LWE – Research to Operations Dr. Roy Rasmussen (NCAR) Steve Howe (Vaisala)

2. Page 2 / Nov 2011 / Steve Howe / ©Vaisala History of LWE and Check Time System Deployment  2003-2011 - Test LWE and Check Time system deployed at Denver International Airport at the United Ice House.  2006 – 2009  Test LWE and Check Time system deployed at Pittsburgh  2007-2011  Test snow and freezing precipitation LWE system deployed at Chicago  2007 – 2009  Test LWE system deployed at Minneapolis/St. Paul airport  2010-2011  Test LWE and Check Time system at Cleveland airport

3. Page 3 / Nov 2011 / Steve Howe / ©Vaisala Motivation  Need to replace visibility tables for determination of snowfall intensity with a direct determination of snow intensity by Liquid Water Equivalent (LWE)  FAA funded NCAR to develop a standalone LWE system to show proof of concept – Snow, FZRA, FZDZ, IP, Frost

4. Page 4 / Nov 2011 / Steve Howe / ©Vaisala 2.5 – 4 g/d 2 /hr Very Light 4 – 10 g/d 2 /hr Light 10-25 g/d 2 /hr Moderate > 25 g/d 2 /hr Heavy

5. Page 5 / Nov 2011 / Steve Howe / ©Vaisala Moderate Light

6. Page 6 / Nov 2011 / Steve Howe / ©Vaisala HVY MOD LGT The poor relationship between visibility and snowfall intensity motivated the FAA to request NCAR to develop a Liquid Water Equivalent (LWE) system and Check Time system using real-time snowgauges LWE System display GEONOR snowgauge Hotplate snowgauge NCAR LWE Research Next steps: FAA develop Advisory Circular to enable commercial vendors to make the system available to airlines/airports Rasmussen et al. 1999, J. Applied Met.

7. Page 7 / Nov 2011 / Steve Howe / ©Vaisala Modified Visibility Criteria for Snow Intensity Based on Temperature and Day or Night FAA TYPE I HOLDOVER TIME GUIDELINE Table 1. FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for SAE Type I Fluid Mixture as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT. CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. Outside Air Temperature ( OAT) Approximate Holdover Times Under Various Weather Conditions (hours: minutes) CC FF Active Frost Freezing Fog Very Light Snow  Light Snow  Moderate Snow  **Freezing Drizzle Light Freezing Rain Rain on Cold Soaked Wing Other ‡ -3 and above 27 and above 0:45 0:11 - 0:17 0:18-0:220:11 - 0:180:06 - 0:110:09 - 0:13 0:02 - 0:05 0:02 - 0:05* CAUTIO N: No holdover time guideline s exist below -3 to –6 below 27 to 21 0:45 0:08 - 0:13 0:14-0:170:08 - 0:140:05 - 0:080:05 - 0:09 0:02 - 0:05 CAUTION: Clear ice may require touch for confirmation below -6 to –10 below 21 to 14 0:45 0:06 - 0:10 0:11-0:130:06 - 0:110:04 - 0:060:04 - 0:07 0:02 - 0:05 below -10 below 14 0:45 0:05 - 0:09 0:07-0:080:04 - 0:070:02 - 0:04 Effective: October 1, 2003 TABLE 1B. SNOWFALL INTENSITIES AS A FUNCTION OF PREVAILING VISIBILITY. FOR TYPE I HOLDOVER TIME GUIDELINES Time of Day Temp. Visibility (Statute Mile) (  C)(  F)  2 1/2 21 1/213/41/2  1/4 Day colder/equal colder/equal 30 Very Light Very Light Light Moderate Heav y Sno wfall Inten sity warmer than warmer than 30 Very Light Moderate Heavy Night colder/equal colder/equal 30 Very Light Moderate Heavy warmer than warmer than 30 Very Light ModerateHeavy NOTE: Based upon technical report, “The Estimation of Snowfall Rate Using Visibility,” Rasmussen, et al., Journal of Applied Meteorology, October 1999 and additional in situ data. HEAVY = Caution - no holdover time guidelines exist °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10  C (14  F) *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail  Snow includes snow grains CAUTIONS: THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. SAE TYPE II FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. Effective: October 1, 2003 TABLE 2A - FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for KILFROST ABC-II PLUS Type II Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT – Viscosity of Neat 100% Fluid Tested 3,600cP, 20 o C, 0.3 RPM, Spindle LV2, 250ml beaker, 150ml fluid, 10 min. grd. leg. CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. OAT Manufacturer Specific Type II Fluid Concentration Neat-Fluid/Water (Vol. %/Vol. %) Approximate Holdover Times Under Various Weather Conditions (hours: minutes) °C°FFrost*Freezing Fog Snow  Freezing Drizzle*** Light Freezing Rain Rain on Cold Soaked Wing Other ‡ above 0above 32 100/0 12:001:10-2:250:35-1:200:35-1:100:30-0:400:05-1:00CAUTION: No holdover time guidelines exist 75/25 6:001:10-2:250:35-1:100:30-1:000:20-0:400:05-0:50 50/50 4:000:15-0:450:20-0:400:05-0:250:05-0:15CAUTION: Clear ice may require touch for confirmation 0 to -332 to 27 100/0 8:001:10-2:250:25-0:550:35-1:100:30-0:40 75/25 5:001:10-2:250:25-0:500:30-1:000:20-0:40 50/50 3:000:15-0:450:15-0:350:05-0:250:05-0:15 below -3 to -14 below 27 to 7100/0 8:000:30-1:050:15-0:35**0:15-0:45**0:10-0:30 75/25 5:000:20-0:550:15-0:35**0:15-0:30**0:10-0:20 below -14 to -25 below 7 to -13100/0 8:000:15-0:200:15-0:30 below -25below -13 100/0 Kilfrost ABC-II PLUS Type II fluid may be used below –25 °C (-13 °F) provided the freezing point of the fluid is at least 7 °C (13 °F) below the OAT and the aerodynamic acceptance criteria are met. Consider use of SAE Type I when Kilfrost ABC-II PLUS Type II fluid cannot be used. °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10  C (14  F) *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail  Snow includes snow grains CAUTIONS: THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. KILFROST ABC-II PLUS TYPE II FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. Effective: October 1, 2003 TABLE 2B - FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for KILFROST ABC-2000 Type II Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT – Viscosity of Neat 100% Fluid Tested 2,350 cP, 20 o C, 0.3 RPM, Spindle LV2, 250ml beaker, 150ml fluid, 10 min. grd. leg. CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. OAT Manufacturer Specific Type II Fluid Concentration Neat-Fluid/Water (Vol. %/Vol. %) Approximate Holdover Times Under Various Weather Conditions (hours: minutes) °C°FFrost*Freezing Fog Snow  Freezing Drizzle*** Light Freezing Rain Rain on Cold Soaked Wing Other ‡ above 0above 32 100/0 12:001:30-3:050:40-1:150:55-1:350:40-0:500:15-1:10CAUTION: No holdover time guidelines exist 75/25 6:001:40-3:300:40-1:150:45-1:150:40-0:500:15-1:40 50/50 4:001:00-2:100:15-0:300:15-0:250:05-0:15CAUTION: Clear ice may require touch for confirmation 0 to -332 to 27 100/0 8:001:30-3:050:30-1:000:55-1:350:40-0:50 75/25 5:001:40-3:300:30-1:050:45-1:150:40-0:50 50/50 3:001:00-2:100:15-0:300:15-0:250:05-0:15 below -3 to -14 below 27 to 7100/0 8:000:35-1:250:25-0:45**0:25-0:50**0:10-0:30 75/25 5:000:35-1:150:25-0:50**0:25-0:55**0:15-0:30 below -14 to -25 below 7 to -13100/0 8:000:20-0:450:15-0:30 below -25below -13 100/0 Kilfrost ABC-2000 Type II fluid may be used below –25 °C (-13 °F) provided the freezing point of the fluid is at least 7 °C (13 °F) below the OAT and the aerodynamic acceptance criteria are met. Consider use of SAE Type I when Kilfrost ABC-2000 Type II fluid cannot be used. °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10  C (14  F) *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail  Snow includes snow grains CAUTIONS: THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. KILFROST ABC-2000 TYPE II FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. Effective: October 1, 2003 TABLE 2C - FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for Octagon E-MAX II Type II Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT – Viscosity of Neat 100% Fluid Tested 13,520 cP, 20 o C, 0.3 RPM, Spindle LV1, 600 ml beaker, 500 ml fluid, 33 min 20 sec, grd. leg CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. OAT Manufacturer Specific Type II Fluid Concentration Neat-Fluid/Water (Vol. %/Vol. %) Approximate Holdover Times Under Various Weather Conditions (hours: minutes) °C°FFrost*Freezing Fog Snow  Freezing Drizzle*** Light Freezing Rain Rain on Cold Soaked Wing Other ‡ above 0above 32 100/0 12:002:05-3:450:45-1:300:45-1:350:30-0:400:15-1:30CAUTION: No holdover time guidelines exist 75/25 6:001:25-2:500:30-1:000:40-1:100:20-0:300:10-1:05 50/50 4:000:30-0:550:15-0:30 0:10-0:15CAUTION: Clear ice may require touch for confirmation 0 to -332 to 27 100/0 8:002:05-3:450:40-1:200:45-1:350:30-0:40 75/25 5:001:25-2:500:25-0:550:40-1:100:20-0:30 50/50 3:000:30-0:550:10-0:250:15-0:300:10-0:15 below -3 to -14 below 27 to 7100/0 8:000:50-1:450:35-1:10**0:35-1:00**0:20-0:30 75/25 5:000:30-1:200:25-0:50**0:35-1:05**0:15-0:30 below -14 to -25 below 7 to -13100/0 8:000:20-0:350:15-0:30 below -25below -13 100/0 Octagon E-MAX II Type II fluid may be used below –25 °C (-13 °F) provided the freezing point of the fluid is at least 7 °C (13 °F) below the OAT and the aerodynamic acceptance criteria are met. Consider use of SAE Type I when Octagon E-MAX II Type II fluid cannot be used. °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10  C (14  F) *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail  Snow includes snow grains CAUTIONS: THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. OCTAGON E-MAX II TYPE II FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. Effective: October 1, 2003 TABLE 2D – FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for SPCA ECOWING 26 Type II Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT – Viscosity of Neat 100% fluid Tested 4,900cp, 20 o C, 0.3 RPM, Spindle SC4-34/13R, 10ml fluid, 30 min. CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. OAT Manufacturer Specific Type II Fluid Concentration Neat-Fluid/Water (Vol. %/Vol. %) Approximate Holdover Times Under Various Weather Conditions (hours: minutes) °C°FFrost*Freezing Fog Snow  Freezing Drizzle*** Light Freezing Rain Rain on Cold Soaked Wing Other ‡ above 0above 32 100/0 12:001:25-2:350:40-1:050:50-1:350:40-0:500:20-1:25CAUTION: No holdover time guidelines exist 75/25 6:001:05-1:550:30-0:500:45-1:050:25-0:350:10-1:00 50/50 4:000:30-0:450:10-0:200:15-0:250:05-0:10CAUTION: Clear ice may require touch for confirmation 0 to -332 to 27 100/0 8:001:25-2:350:40-1:000:50-1:350:40-0:50 75/25 5:001:05-1:550:25-0:450:45-1:050:25-0:35 50/50 3:000:30-0:450:10-0:200:15-0:250:05-0:10 below -3 to -14 below 27 to 7100/0 8:000:45-2:150:35-0:55**0:30-1:10**0:15-0:35 75/25 5:000:35-1:150:25-0:40**0:20-0:50**0:15-0:25 below -14 to -25 below 7 to -13100/0 8:000:25-0:450:30-0:50 below -25below -13 100/0 SPCA ECOWING 26 Type II fluid may be used below –25 °C (-13 °F) provided the freezing point of the fluid is at least 7 °C (13 °F) below the OAT and the aerodynamic acceptance criteria are met. Consider use of SAE Type I when SPCA ECOWING 26 Type II fluid cannot be used. °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10  C (14  F) *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail  Snow includes snow grains CAUTIONS: THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. SPCA ECOWING 26 TYPE II FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. Effective: October 1, 2003 TABLE 2E – FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for SAFEWING MP II 2025 Type II Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT – Viscosity of Neat 100% fluid Tested 5,500mPa.s, 20 o C, 0.3 rpm, Spindle SC4-34/13R, 10ml fluid, 15 min. CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. OAT Manufacturer Specific Type II Fluid Concentration Neat-Fluid/Water (Vol. %/Vol. %) Approximate Holdover Times Under Various Weather Conditions (hours: minutes) °C°FFrost*Freezing Fog Snow  Freezing Drizzle*** Light Freezing Rain Rain on Cold Soaked Wing Other ‡ above 0above 32 100/0 12:001:30-2:050:45-1:200:40-1:000:25-0:350:10-1:15CAUTION: No holdover time guidelines exist 75/25 6:000:55-1:450:25-0:45 0:20-0:250:05-0:50 50/50 4:000:20-0:350:10-0:200:10-0:150:05-0:10CAUTION: Clear ice may require touch for confirmation 0 to -332 to 27 100/0 8:001:30-2:050:40-1:100:40-1:000:25-0:35 75/25 5:000:55-1:450:25-0:45 0:20-0:25 50/50 3:000:20-0:350:05-0:150:10-0:150:05-0:10 below -3 to -14 below 27 to 7100/0 8:000:45-1:500:35-1:00**0:35-1:05**0:20-0:35 75/25 5:000:40-1:200:25-0:45**0:30-0:40**0:15-0:25 below -14 to -25 below 7 to -13100/0 8:000:25-0:450:15-0:30 below -25below -13 100/0 SAFEWING MPII 2025 ECO Type II fluid may be used below –25 °C (-13 °F) provided the freezing point of the fluid is at least 7 °C (13 °F) below the OAT and the aerodynamic acceptance criteria are met. Consider use of SAE Type I when SAFEWING MPII 2025 Type II fluid cannot be used. °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10  C (14  F) *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail  Snow includes snow grains CAUTIONS: THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. SPCA ECOWING 26 TYPE II FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. Effective: October 1, 2003 FAA TYPE IV HOLDOVER TIME GUIDELINE TABLE 4 - FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for SAE Type IV Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT. CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. OAT Manufacturer Specific Type IV Fluid Concentration Neat-Fluid/Water (Vol. %/Vol. %) Approximate Holdover Times Under Various Weather Conditions (hours: minutes) °C°FFrost*Freezing Fog Snow  Freezing Drizzle*** Light Freezing Rain Rain on Cold Soaked Wing Other ‡ above 0above 32 100/018:001:05-2:150:35-1:050:40-1:100:25-0:400:10-0:50CAUTION: No holdover time guidelines exist 75/256:001:05-1:450:30-1:050:35-0:500:15-0:300:05-0:35 50/504:000:15-0:350:05-0:200:10-0:200:05-0:10CAUTION: Clear ice may require touch for confirmation 0 to -332 to 27100/012:001:05-2:150:30-0:550:40-1:100:25-0:40 75/255:001:05-1:450:25-0:500:35-0:500:15-0:30 50/503:000:15-0:350:05-0:150:10-0:200:05-0:10 below -3 to -14 below 27 to 7 100/012:000:20-1:200:20-0:40**0:20- 0:45 **0:10-0:25 75/255:000:25-0:500:20-0:35**0:15- 0:30 **0:10-0:20 below -14 to - 25 below 7 to -13 100/012:000:15-0:400:15-0:30 below - 25 below - 13 100/0SAE Type IV fluid may be used below –25 °C (-13 °F) provided the freezing point of the fluid is at least 7 °C(13 °F) below the OAT and the aerodynamic acceptance criteria are met. Consider use of SAE Type I when SAE Type IV fluid cannot be used. °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10  C (14  F) *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail  Snow includes snow grains CAUTIONS: THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. SAE TYPE IV FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. Effective: October 1, 2003 TABLE 4A - FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for UCAR ULTRA+ Type IV Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT – Viscosity of Neat 100% Fluid Tested 36,000cP, 0 o C, 0.3 RPM, Spindle SC4-31/13R, 10ml fluid, 10 min. CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. OAT Manufacturer Specific Type IV Fluid Concentration Neat-Fluid/Water (Vol. %/Vol. %) Approximate Holdover Times Under Various Weather Conditions (hours: minutes) °C°FFrost*Freezing Fog Snow  Freezing Drizzle*** Light Freezing Rain Rain on Cold Soaked Wing Other ‡ above 0above 32 100/0 18:001:35-3:350:40-1:250:45-1:350:25-0:400:10-1:20CAUTION: No holdover time guidelines exist 75/25 50/50 CAUTION: Clear ice may require touch for confirmation 0 to -332 to 27 100/0 12:001:35-3:350:35-1:150:45-1:350:25-0:40 75/25 50/50 below -3 to -14 below 27 to 7100/0 12:001:25-3:000:25-0:55**0:45-1:25**0:30-0:45 75/25 below -14 to -24 below 7 to -12100/0 12:000:40-2:100:20-0:45 below -24below -12 100/0 UCAR ULTRA+ Type IV fluid may be used below –24 °C (-12 °F) provided the freezing point of the fluid is at least 7 °C (13 °F) below the OAT and the aerodynamic acceptance criteria are met. Consider use of SAE Type I when UCAR ULTRA+ Type IV fluid cannot be used. OAT Manufacturer Specific Type IV Fluid Concentration Neat-Fluid/Water (Vol. %/Vol. %) Approximate Holdover Times Under Various Weather Conditions (hours: minutes) °C°FFrost*Freezing Fog Snow  Freezing Drizzle*** Light Freezing Rain Rain on Cold Soaked Wing Other ‡ above 0above 32 100/0 18:002:35-4:001:10-2:001:20-1:501:00-1:250:20-1:15CAUTION: No holdover time guidelines exist 75/25 6:001:05-1:450:30-1:050:45-1:100:35-0:500:10-0:50 50/50 4:000:20-0:350:05-0:200:15-0:200:05-0:10CAUTION: Clear ice may require touch for confirmation 0 to -332 to 27 100/0 12:002:35-4:001:00-1:401:20-1:501:00-1:25 75/25 5:001:05-1:450:30-0:550:45-1:100:35-0:50 50/50 3:000:20-0:350:05-0:150:15-0:200:05-0:10 below -3 to -14 below 27 to 7100/0 12:000:45-2:050:45-1:20**0:20-1:00**0:10-0:30 75/25 5:000:25-1:000:25-0:50**0:20-1:10**0:10-0:35 below -14 to -25 below 7 to -13100/0 12:000:20-0:400:40-1:10 below -25below -13 100/0 KILFROST ABC-S Type IV fluid may be used below –25 °C (-13 °F) provided the freezing point of the fluid is at least 7 °C (13 °F) below the OAT and the aerodynamic acceptance criteria are met. Consider use of SAE Type I when KILFROST ABC-S Type IV fluid cannot be used. °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10  C (14  F) *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail  Snow includes snow grains CAUTIONS: THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. KILFROST ABC-S TYPE IV FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. Effective: October 1, 2003 TABLE 4D - FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for SAFEWING MP IV 1957 Type IV Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT – Viscosity of Neat 100% Fluid Tested 16,200cP, 20o, 0.3 RPM, Spindle SC4-34/13R, 10ml fluid, 15 min. CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. OAT Manufacturer Specific Type IV Fluid Concentration Neat-Fluid/Water (Vol. %/Vol. %) Approximate Holdover Times Under Various Weather Conditions (hours: minutes) °C°FFrost*Freezing Fog Snow  Freezing Drizzle*** Light Freezing Rain Rain on Cold Soaked Wing Other ‡ above 0above 32 100/0 18:001:05-2:150:35-1:050:40-1:100:30-0:450:15-1:10CAUTION: No holdover time guidelines exist 75/25 6:001:10-2:100:35-1:05 0:25-0:400:10-1:00 50/50 4:000:25-0:500:15-0:300:15-0:250:05-0:15CAUTION: Clear ice may require touch for confirmation 0 to -332 to 27 100/0 12:001:05-2:150:30-0:550:40-1:100:30-0:45 75/25 5:001:10-2:100:30-0:500:35-1:050:25-0:40 50/50 3:000:25-0:500:10-0:200:15-0:250:05-0:15 below -3 to -14 below 27 to 7100/0 12:000:45-1:300:30-0:50**0:35-0:55**0:20-0:35 75/25 5:000:25-1:100:20-0:40**0:25-0:55**0:15-0:30 below -14 to -25 below 7 to -13100/0 12:000:25-0:400:25-0:45 below -25below -13 100/0 SAFEWING  MP IV 1957 Type IV fluid may be used below –25 °C (-13 °F) provided the freezing point of the fluid is at least 7 °C (13 °F) below the OAT and the aerodynamic acceptance criteria are met. Consider use of SAE Type I when SAFEWING MP IV 1957 Type IV fluid cannot be used. °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10  C (14  F) *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail  Snow includes snow grains CAUTIONS: THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. SAFEWING MP IV 1957 TYPE IV FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. Effective: October 1, 2003 TABLE 4E – FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for SAFEWING MP IV 2001 Type IV Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT – Viscosity of Neat 100% Fluid Tested 18,000cP, 20 o C, 0.3 RPM, Spindle SC4-34/13R, 10ml fluid, 15 min. CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. OAT Manufacturer Specific Type IV Fluid Concentration Neat-Fluid/Water (Vol. %/Vol. %) Approximate Holdover Times Under Various Weather Conditions (hours: minutes) °C°FFrost*Freezing Fog Snow  Freezing Drizzle*** Light Freezing Rain Rain on Cold Soaked Wing Other ‡ above 0above 32 100/0 18:001:20-3:201:55-2:000:55-1:550:40-1:000:15-2:00CAUTION: No holdover time guidelines exist 75/25 6:001:20-2:000:50-1:250:35-1:100:25-0:350:10-1:25 50/50 4:000:15-0:400:10-0:20 0:05-0:15CAUTION: Clear ice may require touch for confirmation 0 to -332 to 27 100/0 12:001:20-3:201:00-1:550:55-1:550:40-1:00 75/25 5:001:20-2:000:35-1:000:35-1:100:25-0:35 50/50 3:000:15-0:400:10-0:20 0:05-0:15 below -3 to -14 below 27 to 7100/0 12:000:45-1:350:30-0:50**0:55-1:35**0:30-0:45 75/25 5:000:30-1:000:20-0:35**0:40-1:10**0:20-0:30 below -14 to -25 below 7 to -13100/0 12:000:20-0:450:20-0:35 below -25below -13 100/0 SAFEWING  MP IV 2001 Type IV fluid may be used below –25 °C (-13 °F) provided the freezing point of the fluid is at least 7 °C (13 °F) below the OAT and the aerodynamic acceptance criteria are met. Consider use of SAE Type I when SAFEWING  MP IV 2001 Type IV fluid cannot be used. °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10  C (14  F) *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail  Snow includes snow grains CAUTIONS: THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. SAFEWING MP IV 2001 TYPE IV FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. Effective: October 1, 2003 TABLE 4F – FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for CLARIANT SAFEWING MPIV 2012 PROTECT Type IV Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT – Viscosity of Neat 100% fluid Tested 7,800cp, 20 o C, 0.3 RPM, Spindle SC4-34/13R, 10ml fluid, 15 min. CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. OAT Manufacturer Specific Type IV Fluid Concentration Neat-Fluid/Water (Vol. %/Vol. %) Approximate Holdover Times Under Various Weather Conditions (hours: minutes) °C°FFrost*Freezing Fog Snow  Freezing Drizzle*** Light Freezing Rain Rain on Cold Soaked Wing Other ‡ above 0above 32 100/0 18:001:15-2:301:10-2:000:40-1:100:25-0:450:10-1:05CAUTION: No holdover time guidelines exist 75/25 6:001:10-2:050:35-1:100:35-0:500:15-0:300:05-0:40 50/50 4:000:25-0:450:15-0:250:15-0:200:05-0:10CAUTION: Clear ice may require touch for confirmation 0 to -332 to 27 100/0 12:001:15-2:300:40-1:150:40-1:100:25-0:45 75/25 5:001:10-2:050:25-0:550:35-0:500:15-0:30 50/50 3:000:25-0:450:15-0:250:15-0:200:05-0:10 below -3 to -14 below 27 to 7100/0 12:000:45-1:450:20-0:40**0:25-0:45**0:15-0:25 75/25 5:000:25-1:050:20-0:40**0:15-0:30**0:10-0:20 below -14 to -25 below 7 to -13100/0 12:000:20-0:450:15-0:30 below -25below -13 100/0 CLARIANT SAFEWING MP IV 2012 PROTECT TYPE IV fluid may be used below –25 °C (-13 °F) provided the freezing point of the fluid is at least 7 °C (13 °F) below the OAT and the aerodynamic acceptance criteria are met. Consider use of SAE Type I when CLARIANT SAFEWING MP IV 2012 PROTECT TYPE IV fluid cannot be used. °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10  C (14  F) *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail  Snow includes snow grains CAUTIONS: THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. CLARIANT SAFEWING MP IV 2012 PROTECT TYPE IV FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. Effective: October 1, 2003 TABLE 4G - FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for CLARIANT SAFEWING FOUR Type IV Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT – Viscosity of Neat 100% Fluid Tested 6,400cP, 20 o C, 0.3 RPM, Spindle SC4-34/13R, 10ml fluid, 15 min. CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. OAT Manufacturer Specific Type IV Fluid Concentration Neat-Fluid/Water (Vol. %/Vol. %) Approximate Holdover Times Under Various Weather Conditions (hours: minutes) °C°FFrost*Freezing Fog Snow  Freezing Drizzle*** Light Freezing Rain Rain on Cold Soaked Wing Other ‡ above 0above 32 100/0 18:001:50-2:450:45-1:451:05-1:450:50-1:050:10-1:20CAUTION: No holdover time guidelines exist 75/25 6:001:45-2:250:40-1:250:50-1:300:30-0:450:15-1:25 50/50 4:000:30-0:450:15-0:25 0:10-0:15CAUTION: Clear ice may require touch for confirmation 0 to -332 to 27 100/0 12:001:50-2:450:35-1:201:05-1:450:50-1:05 75/25 5:001:45-2:250:30-1:050:50-1:300:30-0:45 50/50 3:000:30-0:450:10-0:200:15-0:250:10-0:15 below -3 to -14 below 27 to 7100/0 12:000:30-1:300:25-0:55**0:25-1:05**0:15-0:30 75/25 5:000:30-1:050:20-0:45**0:20-0:50**0:15-0:25 below -14 to -25 below 7 to -13100/0 12:000:20-0:45 below -25below -13 100/0 CLARIANT SAFEWING FOUR Type IV fluid may be used below –25 °C (-13 °F) provided the freezing point of the fluid is at least 7 °C (13 °F) below the OAT and the aerodynamic acceptance criteria are met. Consider use of SAE Type I when CLARIANT SAFEWING FOUR Type IV fluid cannot be used. °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10  C (14  F) *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, hail  Snow includes snow grains CAUTIONS:  THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT.  SAFEWING  FOUR TYPE IV FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. Effective: October 1, 2003 TABLE 4H - FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for CLARIANT SAFEWING MPIV 2030 ECO Type IV as a function of Weather Conditions and OAT – Viscosity of Neat 100% Fluid Tested 10,500 mPa.s, 20 o C, 0.3 RPM, Spindle SC4-34/13R, 10ml fluid, 15 min. CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. OAT Manufacturer Specific Type IV Fluid Concentration Neat-Fluid/Water (Vol. %/Vol. %) Approximate Holdover Times Under Various Weather Conditions (hours: minutes) °C°FFrost*Freezing Fog Snow  Freezing Drizzle*** Light Freezing Rain Rain on Cold Soaked Wing Other ‡ above 0above 32 100/0 18:001:55-3:200:50-1:350:55-2:000:40-0:500:15-1:40CAUTION: No holdover time guidelines exist 75/25 6:001:15-2:050:35-1:050:40-1:050:25-0:350:10-1:10 50/50 4:000:30-0:450:15-0:25 0:05-0:10CAUTION: Clear ice may require touch for confirmation 0 to -332 to 27 100/0 12:001:55-3:200:50-1:300:55-2:000:40-0:50 75/25 5:001:15-2:050:35-1:050:40-1:050:25-0:35 50/50 3:000:30-0:450:15-0:25 0:05-0:10 below -3 to -14 below 27 to 7100/0 12:000:50-2:000:45-1:25**0:30-1:10**0:20-0:35 75/25 5:000:40-1:300:35-1:05**0:35-1:20**0:15-0:30 below -14 to -25 below 7 to -13100/0 12:000:25-0:450:15-0:30 below -25below -13 100/0 CLARIANT SAFEWING MPIV 2030 ECO Type IV fluid may be used below –25 °C (-13 °F) provided the freezing point of the fluid is at least 7 °C (13 °F) below the OAT and the aerodynamic acceptance criteria are met. Consider use of SAE Type I when SAFEWING MPIV 2030 ECO Type IV fluid cannot be used. °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10  C (14  F) *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail  Snow includes snow grains CAUTIONS: THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. SPCA AD-480 TYPE IV FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. Effective: October 1, 2003 TABLE 4I - FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for SPCA AD-480 Type IV Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT – Viscosity of Neat 100% Fluid Tested 15,200cP, 20 o C, 0.3 RPM, Spindle SC4-34/13R, 10ml fluid, 30 min. CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. OAT Manufacturer Specific Type IV Fluid Concentration Neat-Fluid/Water (Vol. %/Vol. %) Approximate Holdover Times Under Various Weather Conditions (hours: minutes) °C°FFrost*Freezing Fog Snow  Freezing Drizzle*** Light Freezing Rain Rain on Cold Soaked Wing Other ‡ above 0above 32 100/0 18:002:00-3:300:55-1:500:50-1:300:35-0:550:15-1:35CAUTION: No holdover time guidelines exist 75/25 6:001:30-2:450:40-1:200:50-1:150:30-0:450:10-1:15 50/50 4:000:30-0:450:15-0:300:15-0:250:05-0:15CAUTION: Clear ice may require touch for confirmation 0 to -332 to 27 100/0 12:002:00-3:300:40-1:200:50-1:300:35-0:55 75/25 5:001:30-2:450:30-1:050:50-1:150:30-0:45 50/50 3:000:30-0:450:10-0:200:15-0:250:05-0:15 below -3 to -14 below 27 to 7100/0 12:000:20-1:200:30-0:55**0:25-1:20**0:15-0:30 75/25 5:000:25-0:500:20-0:45**0:25-1:05**0:15-0:30 below -14 to -25 below 7 to -13100/0 12:000:15-0:400:25-0:40 below -25below -13 100/0 SPCA AD-480 Type IV fluid may be used below –25 °C (-13 °F) provided the freezing point of the fluid is at least 7 °C (13 °F) below the OAT and the aerodynamic acceptance criteria are met. Consider use of SAE Type I when SPCA AD-480 Type IV fluid cannot be used. °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10  C (14  F) *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail  Snow includes snow grains CAUTIONS: THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. SPCA AD-480 TYPE IV FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. Effective: October 1, 2003 TABLE 5 - FAA Guidelines for the Application of SAE Type II and Type IV Fluid Mixtures. Minimum Concentrations as a Function of Outside Air Temperature (OAT). Concentrations in % V/V OATOne-step Procedure Deicing/Anti-icing Two-step Procedure First step: DeicingSecond step: Anti-icing 1 -3  C (27  F) and above 50/50 Heated 2 Type II/IV Water heated or a heated mix of Type I, II or IV with water 50/50 Type II/IV Below –3  C (27  F) to –14  C (7  F) 75/25 Heated 2 Type II/IV Heated suitable mix of Type I, Type II/IV, and water with FP not more than 3  C (5  F) above actual OAT 75/25 Type II/IV Below –14  C (7  F) to –25  C (-13  F) 100/0 Heated 2 Type II/IV Heated suitable mix of Type I, Type II/IV, and water with FP not more than 3  C (5  F) above actual OAT 100/0 Type II/IV Below –25  C (-13  F)SAE Type II/IV fluid may be used below –25  C (-13  F) provided that the freezing point of the fluid is at least a 7  C (13  F) below OAT and that aerodynamic acceptance criteria are met. Consider the use of SAE Type I when Type II/IV fluid cannot be used (see Table 1). 1) To be applied before first step fluid freezes, typically within 3 minutes. 2) Clean aircraft may be anti-iced with unheated fluid. NOTE: For heated fluids, a fluid temperature not less than 60  C (140  F) at the nozzle is desirable. Upper temperature limit shall not exceed fluid and aircraft manufacturers recommendations. CAUTIONS: Wing skin temperatures may differ and, in some cases, be lower than OAT. A stronger mix can be used under the latter conditions. As fluid freezing may occur, 50/50 Type II or IV fluid shall not be used for the anti-icing step of a cold-soaked wing as indicated by frost or ice on the lower surface of the wing in the area of the fuel tank. An insufficient amount of anti-icing fluid, especially in the second step of a two-step procedure, may cause a substantial loss of holdover time, particularly when using a Type I fluid mixture for the first step (deicing). Effective: October 1, 2003 Table 6. List of Qualified (1) Deicing/Anti-Icing Fluids – Winter 2003-2004 Qualified Type I Deicing/Anti-Icing Fluids Company NameFluid Name Aviation Xi’an High-TechKHF-1 Beijing Wangye Aviation Chem. Prod. Co. KLA-1 Battelle Memorial InstituteD 3 -1036 Deicing Fluid ClariantSafewing MPI 1938 ECO ClariantSafewing MPI 1938 PRE MIX ClariantSafewing MP I 1938 TF ClariantSafewing EG I 1996 Cryotech Deicing TechnologyDF Plus Cryotech Deicing TechnologyDF Plus (88) Delta PetroleumIce Away Dow Chemical CompanyUCAR  ADF Concentrate Dow Chemical CompanyUCAR  ADF 50/50 Dow Chemical CompanyUCAR  ADF XL-54 Dow Chemical CompanyUCAR  PG ADF Concentrate Dow Chemical CompanyUCAR  PG ADF 60/40 Home Oil Inc.SAFETEMP I PG 100 Home Oil Inc.SAFETEMP I ES InlandDuragly – P InlandDuragly – E Jarchem IndustriesJarKleer 1000 TF KilfrostKilfrost  DF KilfrostKilfrost  DF PLUS KilfrostKilfrost  DF PLUS (80) Lyondell Chemical Worldwide, IncARCOPlus Concentrate Lyondell Chemical Worldwide, IncARCOPlus Dilute Lyondell Chemical Worldwide, IncARCOPlus Canadian Dilute Metss CorporationADF-2 Newwave Aerochemical Co. Ltd.FCY-1A Octagon Process, IncOCTAFLO EG Octagon Process, IncOCTAFLO EF Sanshin Kagaku Kogyo Co.San-Ai ADF Type 1-A SPCASPCA DE-950 Table 6. List of Qualified (1) Deicing/Anti-Icing Fluids – Winter 2003-2004 (Continued) Qualified Type II Deicing/Anti-Icing Fluids Company NameFluid Name ClariantSafewing MP II 1951 ClariantSafewing MP II 2025 ECO KilfrostKilfrost  ABC-II PLUS KilfrostKilfrost  ABC-3 KilfrostKilfrost  ABC-2000 Octagon Process, IncOctagon E-Max SPCASPCA Ecowing 26 Qualified Type IV Deicing/Anti-Icing Fluids Company NameFluid Name ClariantSafewing MP IV 2030 ECO ClariantSafewing MP IV 1957 ClariantSafewing FOUR ClariantSafewing MP IV 2001 ClariantSafewing MP IV 2012 PROTECT Cryotech Deicing TechnologyKilfrost  ABC-S Kilfrost LimitedKilfrost  ABC-S Octagon Oct Ely-Chemical - Octagon Process, Inc. Max Flight SPCASPCA AD-480 Union Carb Dow Chemical CompanyUCAR  ADF/AAF ULTRA+ (1) NOTE: Qualified implies that the fluid has met the requirements of the applicable SAE AMS performance specifications, as conducted by the Anti-Icing Materials International Laboratory at the University of Quebec at Chicoutimi, Canada, in effect at the time of certification. Web site: http://www.uqac.uquebec.ca/amil/ It also implies that the fluid has completed HOT testing. Fluids that successfully qualify after the issuance of this list will appear in a later update. Time of Day Temp. Visibility (Statute Mile) (  C)(  F)  2 1/2 21 1/213/41/2  1/4 Day colder/equal colder/equal 30 Very Light Very Light Light Moderate Heavy Snow fall Inten sity warmer than warmer than 30 Very Light Moderate Heavy Night colder/equal colder/equal 30 Very Light Moderate Heavy warmer than warmer than 30 Very Light ModerateHeavy NOTE: Based upon technical report, “The Estimation of Snowfall Rate Using Visibility,” Rasmussen, et al., Journal of Applied Meteorology, October 1999 and additional in situ data. HEAVY = Caution - no holdover time guidelines exist

8. Page 8 / Nov 2011 / Steve Howe / ©Vaisala Causes for time variability of Holdover Time  Changes in precipitation rate  Propagating snow bands  Changes in temperature  Changes in wind speed

9. Page 9 / Nov 2011 / Steve Howe / ©Vaisala Impact of Time Variation of Precipitation Rate, Temperature, and Wind Speed on Holdover Time  Data from Denver, Chicago and Pittsburgh all showed that time variation of precipitation has a significant effect on Holdover Time  On average, 50% of the Instantaneous HOTs longer than Check Time HOTs.  15% of the Instantaneous HOTs a factor of 1.25 longer than Check Time HOTs (a potential safety issue).  5% of the Instantaneous HOTs a factor of 1.5 long than Check Time HOTs

10. Page 10 / Nov 2011 / Steve Howe / ©Vaisala Liquid Water Equivalent (LWE)  Why now?  Pressure from Airline industry to FAA to utilize LWE technology  FAA produced a draft Advisory Circular for LWES (Liquid Water Equivalent Systems) earlier this year  Provide LWE information for a Holdover Time Determination System (HOTDS) or CheckTime Determination System (CTDS)  Remove the uncertainty of using Visibility tables to estimate current precipitation conditions  HOTDS or CTDS reports one time (not a range like the current FAA/TC HOT)

11. Page 11 / Nov 2011 / Steve Howe / ©Vaisala Vaisala LWE  Vaisala and NCAR worked closely together to transfer knowledge of WSDDM/LWE/CheckTime technology  Vaisala currently has licensed WSDDM and CheckTime technology  Vaisala WSDDM system is called AviCast – Web Based – Uses LWE technology – CheckTime uses the same hardware/LWE station – Based on NCAR WSDDM technology – Example Vaisala LWE station -

12. Page 12 / Nov 2011 / Steve Howe / ©Vaisala All weather precipitation gauge in wind shield Present Weather Detector Wind Sensor Cell based communication device Temperature and Humidity Vaisala LWE

13. Page 13 / Nov 2011 / Steve Howe / ©Vaisala What is AVICAST?  Airports Decision Support System  Vaisala Service offering which provides short term forecasts for winter operations  Based on NCAR WSDDM – Winter Weather Support to Deicing Decision Making  Uses a combination of Vaisala ground stations and NOAA port information (Radars, METARS, winter weather warnings)  Includes Lightning data for year round operations  Web based – uses Adobe Flash Player  Each user requires unique login and password details  Multiple logins for each customer  Only supports one login credentials to be logged in at any time  IE and Firefox are supported browsers  Hosted out of Vaisala data center

14. Page 14 / Nov 2011 / Steve Howe / ©Vaisala Radar, LWE, METARS, Vaisala AviCast Stations Lightning Data

15. Page 15 / Nov 2011 / Steve Howe / ©Vaisala CheckTime  CheckTime is an NCAR algorithm developed to replace current snow visibility tables used for generating a HoldOver Time  CheckTime uses actual/reported Liquid Water Equivalent (LWE) information from the past 3 hours  CheckTime also uses temperature, wind speed and present weather conditions  CheckTime gives a time in the past which estimates how much of the fluid has failed by current and past conditions.  Advantages over HoldOver Time -  How much liquid water has been absorbed by the deicing fluid over the past 3 hours?  Has the precipitation intensity changed? (Light – Moderate - Heavy)  Has the temperature changed?

16. Page 16 / Nov 2011 / Steve Howe / ©Vaisala Winter 2013/2014 Status  Vaisala is in Operational Demo for winter 2013/2014  UPS is primary operator working with Vaisala  As per FAA agreement up to 4 additional airlines to UPS will also participate in operational demo  Airports supported for Operational Demo  DEN - Denver International Airport  ORD - Chicago O’Hare International Airport  MSP - Minneapolis St. Paul International Airport Planned to be added before snow season:  SDF - Louisville Regional Airport  ANC – Anchorage International Airport  BOS – Logan International Airport

17. Page 17 / Nov 2011 / Steve Howe / ©Vaisala 17 Airport RWIS Wind Present Weather Humidity Temperature Wind Present Weather Humidity Temperature Runway condition Remote Data Center Any browser with internet access to view data Cellular communications  A Runway Weather information system consists of weather stations located around an airport and a central collection system (locally installed or a hosted system).

18. Page 18 / Nov 2011 / Steve Howe / ©Vaisala Runway Weather Information System  An Environmental Sensing Station is a weather station that is specifically designed for measuring weather conditions along the runway. With surface sensors placed in the runway it can report surface condition and remove the guess work for the user. Cost Savings The system has been in existence for 35 years and is proven to lower operational costs of runway maintenance. It does this by increasing the user’s knowledge of current and future conditions. 18

19. Page 19 / Nov 2011 / Steve Howe / ©Vaisala Dr. Roy Rasmussen rasmus@ucar.edurasmus@ucar.edu Steve Howe – steve.howe@vaisala.comsteve.howe@vaisala.com www.vaisala.com Thank you!