1. The Renaissance Rebirth of Greco-Roman learning Humanism - Man as a subject of culture, art and literature The Reformation Individualism in Christianity - Personal relationship with God “ Grace” Dissenting sects “ National Churches” The Scientific Revolution The Scientific Method Empirical observation Experimentation “ The Mechanistic Universe” Mathematical proofs ThE Enlightenment Reason Individualism Social Contract Theory Inalienable Rights Natural Law The Right of Revolution Science Liberty The Free Market

2. The Medieval World was a “ Throne and Altar ” society based on a Rule-Set of Feudalism and Monotheism (in Asia the Rule-Set was Confucianism and Caste) You were defined by your birth - serf, peasant, knight, noble - and your belief - Christianity, Islam, Judaism. Nations did not exist yet Kings or powerful Nobles waged DYNASTIC wars to increase their family’s holdings and power What you did during a war depended on your station and your lord. General religious wars called Crusades and Jihad could break out. The Pope claimed to be the leader of all Christians. The Caliph was the leader of all Muslims Eventually, some religious wars saw Muslims fighting Muslims and Christians battling Christians.

3. Changed how mankind identified knowledge in order to better understand the universe Dramatically sped up the rate of cultural evolution, especially technological progress. Sir Francis Bacon 1561-1626 Novum Organum Put aside old ideas, study the world and use inductive reasoning ( from specific fact to the general principal) The Advancement of Learning Knowledge is power. Practical knowledge is true knowledge Renee Descartes 1596- 1650 Invented coordinate Geometry Discourses on Method Doubt everything not reasonably proven Physical world can be measured, quantified and calculated.

4. Galileo Copernicus Kepler Laws of Terrestrial Motion Heliocentric Theory Laws of Planetary Motion Rejected Ptolemy Sir Isaac Newton 1642 -1727 Invented Calculus Discovered the Laws of Motion Discovered the Law of Gravity Deeply influenced Western civilization Seek “ scientific explanations” of events proved through mathematics Discoveries influenced Natural Law Theory of Hobbes and Locke