2. Sedimentary Geology Geos 240 Camosun College Dr. Tark Hamilton Text: Sediments & Basins: Andrew D. Miall, 2006 Lab: Ancient Environments & the Interpretation of Geologic History, Lynn S. Fichter & David J. Poche, 3 rd ed. 2001

3. Sedimentary Geology Geos 240 – Introduction Chapter 1 Dr. Tark Hamilton Camosun College

4. SEDIMENTS = CSI EARTH!

5. Sedimentary Geology Geos 240: Dr. Tark Hamilton Sediments & Basins: Andrew D. Miall, 2006 Introduction: Why Study Sediments? Record of Earth History: environments, orbits, climate, atmosphere, sea level, physical processes Record of Earth History: environments, orbits, climate, atmosphere, sea level, physical processes Natural Resources: Building Stone; Aggregate; Hydrocarbons: Coal, Oil, Gas; Salts: Halite, Gypsum, Nitrates; SMS: Pb-Zn, Ground Water… Natural Resources: Building Stone; Aggregate; Hydrocarbons: Coal, Oil, Gas; Salts: Halite, Gypsum, Nitrates; SMS: Pb-Zn, Ground Water…

6. Folded & Faulted Upper Jurassic Coal-bearing Sediments Foothills, Canadian Rockies: Canmore Alberta

7. Sedimentary Geology Geos 240: Dr. Tark Hamilton Sediments & Basins: Andrew D. Miall, 2006 Introduction: Where to Sediments Occur? Basins: low lying areas for tectonic or erosional causes Basins: low lying areas for tectonic or erosional causes Under Water : Seas, Lakes, Rivers Under Water : Seas, Lakes, Rivers On Land: Deserts, By Glaciers, By Mountains On Land: Deserts, By Glaciers, By Mountains From Weathering : Chemical, Mechanical From Weathering : Chemical, Mechanical FromTransport : By Ice, Water, Wind, Mass Wasting FromTransport : By Ice, Water, Wind, Mass Wasting

8. ISOPACH MAP Sediment Thickness in Km: 60% of Earth > 500m, 13% > 10 km Sediment Thickness in Km: 60% of Earth > 500m, 13% > 10 km

9. Sedimentary Basins: Mackenzie-Beaufort Western Canada (Alberta - NE BC) Williston (Sask – Man – Mont -Dakotas) Appalachain, Michigan, West Texas, Green River North Sea Baltic Deep Marine: Pacific, Indian, Atlantic …

10. NORTH AMERICAN SEDIMENTARY BASINS

11. What can various sediments reveal? Earth’s Oldest Rocks are FeCO 3 ~ 3.75 Ga from Eastern Hudson’s Bay/Ungava Peninsula (N. Dauphas, S. Mojzsis & N. Cates 2007. Oldest Rocks Show How Earth May Have Dodged Frozen Fate Of Mars, E.P.S. L.) Earth’s Oldest Rocks are FeCO 3 ~ 3.75 Ga from Eastern Hudson’s Bay/Ungava Peninsula (N. Dauphas, S. Mojzsis & N. Cates 2007. Oldest Rocks Show How Earth May Have Dodged Frozen Fate Of Mars, E.P.S. L.) Seasonal Occupation of a Late Middle Woodland Archeological Site (D.S. Brose 1994. The South Park Village Site and the Late Prehistoric Whittlesey Tradition of Northeast Ohio (Monogaphs in World Archaeology, Vol 20. 226p.) Seasonal Occupation of a Late Middle Woodland Archeological Site (D.S. Brose 1994. The South Park Village Site and the Late Prehistoric Whittlesey Tradition of Northeast Ohio (Monogaphs in World Archaeology, Vol 20. 226p.)

12. What can various sediments reveal? Proterozoic Orthoquartzites – Rodinia’s Super Continent Long lasting Desert Proterozoic Orthoquartzites – Rodinia’s Super Continent Long lasting Desert Northern Hemisphere Harbour Sediments Worldwide : 1920’s – 1980’s Pb from gasoline Northern Hemisphere Harbour Sediments Worldwide : 1920’s – 1980’s Pb from gasoline Short Lived Radionuclides from Atmospheric Weapons Testing 1956-1964, more in northern hemisphere plus: metals, dioxins, pharmaceutical Short Lived Radionuclides from Atmospheric Weapons Testing 1956-1964, more in northern hemisphere plus: metals, dioxins, pharmaceutical History of fluid motions in Sedimentary Basins History of fluid motions in Sedimentary Basins

13. CONCEPTS: Processes  Products  Sedimentolgy, Stratigraphy, Diagenesis  Environments, Groundwater Flow, Rock Properties  Weathering, Cements, Concretions

14. REGIONAL SETTING & FACIES ANALYSIS N Jurassic Outcrops

15. How do we study sediments, sedimentary rocks and sedimentary basins? Stratigraphy : Geophysics, Petrophysics, Boreholes Lithologies : Rock types, Geometries, Provenance Environments : Fossils, Sedimentary Structures, Minerals, Isotopes, Geochemistry, Fluids

16. Different Kinds of Stratigraphy Lithostratigraphy : composition, extent, classificatio Chronostratigraphy : dating & correlation Biostratigraphy : fossil content, assemblages Magnetostratigraphy : magnetic reversals & directions Stable Isotope Stratigraphy : 18/16 O, 13/12 C Sequence Stratigraphy : tectonics, eustasy, cycles

17. SEDIMENTS = CSI EARTH!