2. The Puritan Era Age of Reason Transcendentalism 1600 - 17501750-18001800-18401840-1855 American Literature Romanticism 1865-1915 Realism 1916-1946 Modernism 1946 – Present Contemporary and Post-Modern Period

3.  A nation divided  Interrupts Transcendentalism  Walt Whitman  Transition writer: late Transcendental poet, early Realist  Leaves of Grass  “O Captain, My Captain”

4. PPopulation of the United States is growing rapidly. (1865 -1915) SScience, industry and transportation are expanding. LLiterature also was growing, but most new writers were not Romantics or Transcendentalists. They are Realists. TThe “Frontier” did not exist as before; its legacy changed and impacted Realists in its new form. TThe aftermath of the Civil War meant that Americans were less certain and optimistic about the future. TThe idealism of the Romantics and philosophy of Transcendentalists seemed out of date and irrelevant to many readers.

5. “The trapper was placed on a rude seat which had been made with studied care…His body was placed so as to let the light of the setting sun fall full upon the solemn features. His head was bare, the long thin locks of gray fluttering lightly in the evening breeze. ” He was most fifty and he looked it. His hair was long and tangled and greasy, and you could see his eyes shining through…there warn’t no color in his face; it was white…a white to make a body sick…a tree- toad white, a fish belly white. As for his clothes, just rags, that’s all.

6. TThe purpose of the writing is “to instruct and entertain” CCharacter is more important than plot. SSubject matter is drawn from real life experience. TThe realists reject symbolism and romanticizing of subjects. SSettings are usually those familiar to the author. PPlots emphasized “the norm of daily experience” OOrdinary characters

7.  Abraham Lincoln  The Gettysburg Address  Walt Whitman  Beat! Beat! Drums!  O Captain! My Captain!  Emily Dickinson  Success is Counted Sweetest  Stephen Crane  War is Kind  Kate Chopin!  Story of an Hour  A Pair of Silk Stockings

8.  Uniformity and diversity  “The art of depicting nature as it is seen by toads…and a story written by a measuring worm.” ~ Ambrose Bierce  Capturing the commonplace  For Twain and other authors, narrative voice is one of division – before and after war; conventions versus personal conviction  Writing in vernacular and local dialect  Local stories  Nature again  Yes, its beauty, but also its hardship and how it wears the human spirit down

9.  God  Government  Education  Man’s Purpose in Life  American Dream  Evidence of Influence

10. The Gettysburg Address  Born 1809 in Kentucky to uneducated farmers in a one room log cabin (making him the first President born outside of the 13 colonies)  Elected to Illinois General Assembly in 1834  Elected to US House of Representatives in 1846  Elected 16 th President (first Republican) of the US in 1861

11. Mother died when he was 9 years old. Became very close to step-mother. Formal education was only 18 months. Very well read and mostly self educated. Skilled in wrestling and using an axe. Stood 6 ft. 4 in. tall. Married to Mary Todd, whose family owned slaves. Had four sons. Only one survived into adulthood, Robert Lincoln.

12. Battle was July 1-July 3, 1863 in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Approximately: 163,000 soldiers fought the battle 7,500 were killed 27,000 were wounded 11,100 were captured or missing The southern forces were defeated

13. 15,000 spectators were in attendance

14.  Our forefathers founded a nation in liberty on the proposition that “all men are created equal”. This war is testing the nation on its endurance of that premise.  It would be improper to dedicate and hallow these grounds to the dead. Instead, we should dedicate the living to the work of preserving the nation.  The men did not die in vain, but died so the people could have freedom and a government that shall endure.