1. Basics of Supply and Demand Market Mechanism

2. Introduction What are supply and demand? How does a market mechanism work? What are the effects of changes in market equilibrium?

3. Supply and demand The Supply curve The relationship between the quantity of a good that producers are willing to sell and the price of the good. Measures quantity on the x-axis and price on the y-axis

4. The Supply Curve S The supply curve slopes upward demonstrating that at higher prices firms will increase output The Supply Curve Graphically Quantity Price ($ per unit) P1P1 Q1Q1 P2P2 Q2Q2

5. The Supply Curve Other Variables Affecting Supply Costs of Production Labor Capital Raw Materials Lower costs of production allow a firm to produce more at each price and vice versa

6. Change in Supply The cost of raw materials falls Produced Q1 at P1 and Q0 at P2 Now produce Q2 at P1 and Q1 at P2 Supply curve shifts right to S’ P S Q P1P1 P2P2 Q1Q1 Q0Q0 S’ Q2Q2

7. The Supply Curve Change in Quantity Supplied Movement along the curve caused by a change in price Change in Supply Shift of the curve caused by a change in something other than price Change in costs of production

8. Supply and Demand The Demand Curve The relationship between the quantity of a good that consumers are willing to buy and the price of the good. Measures quantity on the x-axis and price on the y-axis

9. The Demand Curve D The demand curve slopes downward demonstrating that consumers are willing to buy more at a lower price as the product becomes relatively cheaper. Quantity Price ($ per unit) P2P2 Q1Q1 P1P1 Q2Q2

10. The Demand Curve Other Variables Affecting Demand Income Increases in income allow consumers to purchase more at all prices Consumer Tastes Price of Related Goods Substitutes Complements

11. D P Q D’ Q1Q1 P2P2 Q0Q0 P1P1 Q2Q2 Change in Demand Income Increases Purchased Q0, at P2 and Q1 at P1 Now purchased Q1 at P2 and Q2 at P1 Same for all prices Demand Curve shifts right

12. The Demand Curve Changes in quantity demanded Movements along the demand curve caused by a change in price. Changes in demand A shift of the entire demand curve caused by something other than price. Income Preferences

13. The Market Mechanism The market mechanism is the tendency in a free market for price to change until the market clears Markets clear when quantity demanded equals quantity supplied at the prevailing price Market Clearing price – price at which markets clear

14. The Market Mechanism D S The curves intersect at equilibrium, or market- clearing, price. Quantity demanded equals quantity supplied at P 0 P0P0 Q0Q0 Quantity Price ($ per unit)

15. The Market Mechanism In equilibrium There is no shortage or excess demand There is no surplus or excess supply Quantity supplied equals quantity demanded Anyone who wishes to buy at the current price can and all producers who wish to sell at that price can

16. Market Surplus The market price is above equilibrium There is excess supply - surplus Downward pressure on price Quantity demanded increases and quantity supplied decreases The market adjusts until new equilibrium is reached

17. The Market Mechanism D S P0P0 Q0Q0 1.Price is above the market clearing price – P 1 2.Q s > Q D 3.Price falls to the market- clearing price 4.Market adjusts to equilibrium P1P1 Surplus Quantity Price ($ per unit) QSQS QDQD

18. The Market Mechanism The market price is below equilibrium: There is a excess demand - shortage Upward pressure on prices Quantity demanded decreases and quantity supplied increases The market adjusts until the new equilibrium is reached.

19. The Market Mechanism D S QSQS QDQD P2P2 Quantity Price ($ per unit) 1.Price is below the market clearing price – P2 2.Q D > Q S 3.Price rises to the market- clearing price 4.Market adjusts to equilibrium Q3Q3 P3P3 Shortage

20. The Market Mechanism Supply and demand interact to determine the market-clearing price. When not in equilibrium, the market will adjust to alleviate a shortage or surplus and return the market to equilibrium. Markets must be competitive for the mechanism to be efficient.

21. Changes In Market Equilibrium Equilibrium prices are determined by the relative level of supply and demand. Changes in supply and/or demand will change in the equilibrium price and/or quantity in a free market.

22. S’ Changes In Market Equilibrium Raw material prices fall S shifts to S’ Surplus at P1 between Q1, Q2 Price adjusts to equilibrium at P3, Q3 P Q S D P3P3 Q3Q3 Q1Q1 P1P1 Q2Q2

23. D’ S D Q3Q3 P3P3 Changes In Market Equilibrium Income Increases Demand increases to D1 Shortage at P1 of Q1, Q2 Equilibrium at P3, Q3 P Q Q1Q1 P1P1 Q2Q2

24. D’ S’ Changes In Market Equilibrium Income Increases & raw material prices fall Quantity increases If the increase in D is greater than the increase in S price also increases P Q S P2P2 Q2Q2 D P1P1 Q1Q1

25. Shifts in Supply and Demand When supply and demand change simultaneously, the impact on the equilibrium price and quantity is determined by: 1. The relative size and direction of the change 2. The shape of the supply and demand models

26. The Price of a College Education The real price of a college education rose 55 percent from 1970 to 2002. Increases in costs of modern classrooms and wages increased costs of production – decrease in supply Due to a larger percentage of high school graduates attending college, demand increased

27. Market for a College Education Q ( millions enrolled)) P ( annual cost in 1970 dollars) D 1970 S 1970 S 2002 D 2002 $3,917 13.2 New equilibrium was reached at $4,573 and a quantity of 12.3 million students $2,530 8.6