1. Sapphire grey, black dull hexagonal faces hardness = 9 Ruby
Smoky Quartz
brownish-yellow
glassy
crystal point
hardenss = 7
Moonstone
white, grey, orange
dull/pearly
box-like faces
hardness = 5
Apache Tear
black obsidian
dull to glassy
no faces
hardness = 7
Sapphire
grey, black
dull
hexagonal faces
hardness = 9
Ruby
pinkish red

2. 1. Line up your stones in order across your paper towel
1. Line up your stones in order across your paper towel. Choose 7 you want to identify
2. Color - that's easy!
3. Luster = glassy, dull, or metallic?
4. Diaphaneity = is it transparent, translucent or opaque? Hold it up to the light!
5. Streak = use the white streak plate. If you don't see a streak, than the streak color is white
6. Hardness =
- if your fingernail can't scratch it...then it is harder than 2.5
- if the stone can scratch a penny...then it is harder than 3.5
- if it can scratch the glass plate...then it is harder than 5.5
- Last, borrow a ruby or sapphire. If it can scratch that, then you have a ruby or sapphire. If not, you probably have a stone with a hardness of 7.
7. Density = mass / volume
For mass, use the TBB. For volume, use water displacement.

3. Name of Stone
Hardness
Density

4. Hardness vs. Density
Hardness
Density

5. Peridot or Olivine Color: Green Luster: Glassy
Diaphaneity: Transp or Transl
Streak:
Hardness:
Density:

6. Color: red, purple, brown
Garnet
Color: red, purple, brown
Luster: Glassy
Diaphaneity: Transp or Transl
Streak:
Hardness:
Density:

7. Color: purple and white
Amethyst
Color: purple and white
Luster: Glassy
Diaphaneity: Transp or Transl
Streak: white
Hardness: 7
Density:

8. Rock Crystal Quartz Color: clear Luster: Glassy Diaphaneity: Transp
Streak: white
Hardness: 7
Density:

9. Smoky Quartz Color: brown, gray Luster: Glassy Diaphaneity: Transp
Streak: white
Hardness: 7
Density:

10. Agate Color: banded colors Luster: Glassy
Diaphaneity: translucent to opaque
Streak: white
Hardness: 7
Density:

11. Color: pale colors (gray, white, peach)
Moonstone
Color: pale colors (gray, white, peach)
Luster: Glassy to dull
Diaphaneity: translucent to opaque
Streak:
Hardness: 5
Density:

12. Apache Tear Color: black Luster: Glassy to dull
Diaphaneity: translucent
Streak:
Hardness: 7
Density:

13. Color: silver metallic
Galena
Color: silver metallic
Luster: metallic
Diaphaneity: opaque
Streak:
Hardness:
Density:

14. Pyrite (Fools Gold) Color: gold metallic Luster: metallic
Diaphaneity: opaque
Streak: black
Hardness:
Density:

15. Color: rainbow metallic
Pyrite (Fools Gold)
Color: rainbow metallic
Luster: metallic
Diaphaneity: opaque
Streak:
Hardness:
Density:

16. Turquoise Color: aqua blue Luster: glassy Diaphaneity: opaque Streak:
Hardness:
Density:

17. Chrysocolla Color: blue-green Luster: dull Diaphaneity: opaque Streak:
Hardness:
Density:

18. Ruby (Corundum) Color: plum, pinkish Luster: dull Diaphaneity: opaque
Streak: none
Hardness: 9
Density:

19. Sapphire (Corundum) Color: grayish Star Sapphire Luster: dull
Diaphaneity: opaque
Streak: none
Hardness: 9
Density:
Star Sapphire

20. FRONT OF ROOM No one sits here at this table X X X X X X X X X X X X X

21. The Gem Dig Geology Jail Guidelines
1. Every geologist must have a couple of paper towels in front of you during the dig
2. You must leave your gems out in front of you at all times.
2. At the end, each geologist will be given a plastic bag. Your name and period must be on this bag
Geology Jail Guidelines
If you go to jail, your bail is gems...and I get to pick.
·If you whine about wanting bigger or better stones...JAIL!
·If you whine about wanting me to go faster...JAIL!
·If you steal anyone's stones...JAIL...big time JAIL!
·If you attempt to trade during the dig...JAIL!
·If you splash the river water...JAIL!
·If you leave your river station and chase me around...JAIL!
·If you whine about JAIL...More JAIL!

22. Geodes

23. GEM DIG Research and Background Information
1. What are minerals?
An inorganic solid, made of one or more elements, with a
crystalline structure (3,000 known!)
2. How are rocks different from minerals?
A rock is mixture of 2 or more minerals.
3. What are crystals and gems?
Form when minerals cool and have time and space to crystallize.

24. 4. How do we identify gemstones?
· _____________________________________________________

25. COLOR

26. Hardness
A stone can scratch anything
below it on the chart

27. Friedrich Mohs Questions: 1. True/False...Talc can scratch gypsum
2. True/False...Quartz can scratch Fluorite.
3. True/False...Fluorite can scratch Quartz
4. True/False...you can scratch quartz
with a kitchen knife.
5. True/False...Calcite can put a scratch
in glass.
6. True/False...your fingernail can scratch
Gypsum.
7. True/False...nothing can scratch a
diamond.
Friedrich Mohs

28. Diaphaneity
Transparent
Opaque
Translucent

29. Streak

30. Luster
Glassy
Dull
Metallic

31. Density = mass (g) / volume (cm3)

32. Solid Earth materials that are made from a mixture of
WHAT ARE ROCKS?
Solid Earth materials that are made from a mixture of
minerals. Abiotic (non-living)

33. Igneous
Formed directly from cooled magma!

34. Sedimentary when sediments get cemented together!
CLASTIC: When little pieces of rocks are cemented together
CHEMICAL: When water evaporates and leaves dissolved minerals behind
ORGANIC: Accumulation of shells and bones

35. Let's get to know some rocks

36. Station #
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic 1 / 2 3 4 5 6

37. METAMORPHIC...
changed due to heat and pressure below the Earth

38. The Rock Cycle

40. Cloning an extinct mountain goat!
A mouse-human hybrid petered out after just one [cell] division. The cow and rabbit human hybrids went further, but stopped at the point when maternal DNA is supposed to kick in and turn the ball of cells into a proper embryo,
New Snake Fossil found
·as long as a school bus
·big as a Volkswagon, 2500 pounds
·60 mya
·How could Earth support such a big cold-blooded animal?
Cloning an extinct mountain goat!
Amphibious primitive whale...came onto land to give birth

43. Age of the dinosaurs - life advances in the oceans - life moves
Age of the Mammals
Age of the dinosaurs
- life advances
in the oceans
- life moves
to the land
soft-bodied
aquatic life
develops

44. ·Often correlating with meteor
impacts
·Depends on our revolution
through the galaxy, when
we go through a heavy band
of meteors

45. PLATE TECTONICS!!!
BBC Model:

46. 1912...Alfred Wegener proposed
theory of continental drift!

47. Today we call it the Theory of PLATE TECTONICS!!!

48. Big Question: What is our evidence of plate tectonics?
1. Continental Shape Puzzle
2. Fossil similarities
3. Rock similarities
4. Andean mountains

49. So...if the plates keep on moving, then things are going to change, right???
Above: The possible appearance of the Earth 50 million years from now.
·Africa has collided with Europe, closing off the Mediterranean Sea.
·Atlantic has widened
·Australia has migrated north.
·Image courtesy of Dr. Christopher Scotese.

50. Pangea Ultima...250 million years into the future!
·Africa is going to smash into Europe
·Australia migrates north to merge with Asia
·Atlantic Ocean will probably widen for a spell before it reverses course and later disappears.

51. Its all about the plates!
USE 3 SHEETS OF PAPER TO MAKE A FOLDABLE
Pass that plate, will ya?
TITLE
PAGE
Its all about the plates!
(cheesy title!)
Plate Tectonics
SUPERCONTINENTS
PLATE DETAILS
CONVECTION CURRENTS
CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES = WHEN PLATES COME TOGETHER
DIVERGENT AND TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES

52. 1912 - Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift
Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift...the continents are on the move!
his picture
here!
245 mya
picture of
pangaea
205 mya
SUPERCONTINENTS

53. Lithosphere = rocky crust, rigid upper mantle
- Oceanic Crust (below oceans)...more dense
- Continental Crust (land!)...less dense
Asthenosphere = part of mantle, slowly moving
PICTURE OF
LITHOSPHERE AND
ASTHENOSPHERE
·7 major plates
·7 minor plates
·always in motion, 2-3cm per year
PLATE DETAILS

55. Volcano Map

56. Earthquake Map

57. Hotter magma rises and cooler magma sinks
In asthenosphere:
Hotter magma rises and cooler magma sinks
CONVECTION CURRENTS!
CONVECTION

58. Convection Boundaries
Boundaries

59. Oceanic/Oceanic What is subduction? Oceanic/Continental
Continental/Continental
Oceanic/Oceanic
What is subduction?
When one plate gets pushed
beneath another
CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES = WHEN PLATES COME TOGETHER

60. Continental: Transform Boundaries: When plates slide!
Earthquakes result!
Divergent Boundaries: When plates move apart
Oceanic:
Continental:
DIVERGENT AND TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES

70. Cyanobacteria...First life!

71. Prokaryotic Cell Structure Eukaryotic Cell Structure
DNA
(no
membrane)
DNA

72. Attachments