1. Marrakech by George Orwell
Lesson Two
Marrakech by George Orwell

2. study of the text

3. Paragraph 1
What is your first impression about this place after you read it? We can see poverty of the place and unsanitary condition of this city

4. Paragraph 2
What can we learn by reading Para. 2?
How the dead people are buried in Marrakech
Can you pick out some words or phrases you think the author used well to present the vivid picture?
mourners wailing a chant, corpses wrapped in a piece of rag, carried on a rough wooden bier, friends hacking a shallow hole, dumping the body in it, flinging some dried-up earth over it, no grave stone …
all the facts show that the human life here has no value at all.

5. Paragraph 3
--Please find out one important figure of speech –rhetorical questions used in this para.?
--And how about the tense used in this para.?
--And where is the thesis statement of the whole lesson in this para.?

6. Paragraph 3
there is one important figure of speech used in this para ----a string of rhetorical questions What is the effect by using the rhetorical questions here? To show the writer’s uncontrollable outrage And he wants to expose the evils of colonialism and imperialism.

7. Paragraph 3
What is the tense used in this Para.? What does it mean? The author used simple present tense here. The situation described still exists now –their lives are still poor and miserable .

8. Paragraph 3
What is the thesis statement in Para. 3? All colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact. ---All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals not human beings. So this thesis is going to be supported by more illustrations and examples in the following parts.

9. Paragraph 4--7
the author just presents us a dramatic scene about –an Arab navvy begging for a piece of bread what is the author’s intention to describe the government employee’s bad situation? Even an employed laborer goes starving, so you can imagine the plight of the poorer people in this place.

10. Paragraphs 8-15
what did Orwell want to illustrate to the readers? In Para. 8-15? The plight of the Jews in a colonial country. Their fate could be worse than that of the natives.

11. Para. 8
Ghettoes :
A ghetto is a part of a town or city in which many poor people or many people of a particular race, religion, or nationality live in isolation from the majority group in the town or city.

12. Paragraph 8
The crowded and unsanitary living conditions for Jews.

13. Paragraph 9
The bad working conditions for Jews.

14. Paragraph 10
Orwell presented us one specific scene about the Jewish people’s frenzied rush and clamouring for a cigarette.
There are many words used vivid and impressive such as frenzied rush, clamouring for, crawling out, groping in the air

15. Paragraph 10
What’s the author’s purpose to describe their crazy for a cigarette?
Just to expose that they work so hard maybe day and night, they felt tired and exhausted and boring.

16. Para11-15
the natives’ hostile attitude to the Jews.

17. Para11:A good job Hitler wasn't here
It was lucky for the Jews that Hitler had not come to this place. If he had, the Jews would have been exterminated as they were in Poland and other European countries.

18. Para15:Witchcraft
Orwell is probably referring to many occasions in the 1600's in both England and America when innocent women were often burned or practiced other cruel punishment for witchcraft.(such as hanging, drowned in the lake, stuck with needles ) By the very nature of the charge it was impossible for the accused to defend herself.

19. Para15:
Why Orwell mentioned the old women who were burned for witchcraft?
Just comparison --Jews have the same fate as the old women who practiced the witchcraft. They were prejudiced and hated by the natives

20. Paragraphs 16-17
What is described in Para16-17? The hardworking but invisible people What tone does the author use in Para16 and 17? Bitter and ironic.

21. Para.17 It is only because of this…
“This” here stands for the fact that people always miss the peasants labouring in the fields because they have the colour of the earth. It is only because of this reason that these poor starved countries are accepted as tourist resorts.

22. So we can see the white people just regard their superiority as granted, they literally don't even see the wretched people of the third world and are so insensitive that they actually treat those countries as tourist resorts where they enjoy themselves and were oblivious to the suffering all around them.

23. Para17:What does Morocco mean ...
Morocco being a French colony, to many Frenchmen Morocco has no more meaning than a place where they might find a government job, buy an orange grove with their money or invest his money. To an Englishman Morocco means nothing but a romantic, mysterious country which he has read in the novels. Camels, castles are the romantic bits in his mind by the novels.

24. Paragraph 18 difficult cultivation of the poor soil.
Please find out some facts to support the main idea of this para.18.

25. Para
Miserable life of old women
The writer is describing objectively about the physical appearance of the old woman, Notice his choice of words.
(old; mummified; tiny; shrink to the size of children; reduced to bones; leathery skin; bent double…)

26. para. 20 Donkey and Woman Both are overloaded. Comparison and contrast
Why does the author expatiate on the miserable fate of the donkeys?
Are their any similarities between the donkeys and the old women? What are they?
Donkey and Woman
Both are overloaded.
Both are willing creatures(obedient).
Both are small.
Both are ill-treated.
Both have an miserable end. (donkey thrown to the dogs, humans thrown into a nameless grave.
Implication --- To arouse the readers’ sympathy and anger. Women /humans are worse treated.
Comparison and contrast

27. Paragraph 21
Orwell showed his own attitude and manner—that is –and sympathy for the suffering people. very angry and criticizing the evils of the colonialism and imperialism.

28. Paragraphs 22-26
What is the main idea of Para 22-26? Degradation/humbleness of the native people

29. Para22-23
Gave a description of the black troops in general.

30. How does the author put forward his idea?
By a contrast between the soldiers (infantry) and the storks
The blacks: passive, depressed, silly southward)
the birds: glittering, white, pure, lofty

31. Para24:
Give a specific description of one black soldier individually.

32. para24
But the look…
the look the young Negro soldier gave Orwell was not what Orwell was expecting. One would expect the blacks in the colonies to look at the white colonists in a hostile, contemptuous or sullen manner, but the boy gave a look of respect. This surprised Orwell very much.

33. Paragraph 25
How long before they turn their guns in the other direction?
How much longer before they turn their guns around and attack us?

34. Paragraph 26
Every white man there had this thought stowed somewhere or other in his mind.
Every white man，the onlookers，the officers on their horses and the white N．C．Os．marching with the black soldiers，had this thought hidden somewhere or other in his mind．

35. the soldiers (infantry) and cattle
comparison
between the soldiers (infantry) and cattle
--these black soldiers were just like cattle. Don’t think, don’t ask questions, but follow their masters blindly.

36. Discussion
1. The organization of this text.
2. What and where is the central thought or thesis expressed?
3. How does the author achieve the thesis (objectively)?
4. How does the author develop his essay?
5. How does Orwell show his outrage at the misery of the native people successfully?
6. what causes their poverty?
7Orwell used to say that the things of value are always political. Is this essay political? Why?

37. 1. The organization of this text
1) Para.1-3: the burial of the poor inhabitants
2) Para. 4-7: an Arab Navvy begging for bread
3) Para. 8-15: the miserable lives of the Jews
4) Para : the hardworking but invisible people and difficult cultivation of the poor soil
5) Para 19-21: the old women carrying firewood
6) Para 22-26: degradation/humbleness of the native people

38. 2. What and where is the central thought or thesis expressed?
Orwell denounces (谴责)the evils of colonialism or imperialism by mercilessly exposing the poverty, misery and degradation of the native people in the colonies.
This central thought or thesis is stated by Orwell in the middle of paragraph 3---"all colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact".

39. 3. How does the author achieve the thesis (objectively)?
Orwell shows poverty, misery and degradation ( 退 化, 堕落) of the native people in the colonies by describing:
a. the burial of the poor inhabitants
b. An Arab Navvy begging for bread
c. The miserable lives of the Jews
d. Cultivation of the poor soil
e. The old women carrying firewood
f. native people’s respect for the colonizers)--- humbleness and degradation

40. 4. How does the author develop his essay?
This thesis is supported by various independent examples or illustrations of the people’s poverty and suffering.
Specific---general---specific---comments

41. a. through the clever choice of the scenes he describes;
5. How does Orwell show his outrage at the misery of the native people successfully?
Orwell describes objectively the suffering and misery of the colonial people in Marrakech, yet he manages to show that he is outraged at the spectacle of misery.
a. through the clever choice of the scenes he describes;
b. through the tone in which he describes these scenes;
c. through the appropriate use of words;
d. by contrasting human beings with the animals

42. 6. The causes of their poverty
1. Colonialization "All colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact" (para.3; 17)
2. Racial discrimination "The people have brown faces -- besides there are so many of them" (para.3 ) "He is the same colour as the earth, …" (para.16)
3. Black people's ignorance He showed his profound respect to his enemy. " He ... has feelings of reverence before a white skin" "Only the Negroes didn't know it“
4. Poor natural conditions

43. 7. Orwell used to say that the things of value are always political
7. Orwell used to say that the things of value are always political. Is this essay political? Why?
All of Orwell's works are concerned with the sociopolitical conditions of his time, and Marrakech is no exception.
In this essay Orwell denounces (谴责 ) the evils of colonialism or imperialism. He mercilessly exposes the poverty, misery and degradation (退化, 堕落) of the native people in the colonies. These people are not considered nor are they treated as human beings.

44. Writing style- subjective Exposition
An expository paper explains or explores something, such as the process of making a machine, the causes of a natural or social phenomenon, the planning of a project, or the solution of a problem.
The purpose or intention of the writer of exposition (informative writing) is to inform or explain.

45. Methods of Exposition Things can be explained by ---Definition
--- Listing (process)
--- illustration (Examples)
--- Classification
--- Comparison and contrast
--- Analysis (cause and effect)

46. judge “One Country, Two Systems” The second jobs
The life on campus is interesting
Why does a young man not want to marry a capable young woman?

47. features of exposition
Limit the subject
Prepare enough material
Present the facts in proper order
The accuracy and clarity of words
Make the essay touching

48. Writing strategies
1. simple words, simple statements to convey deeper meaning 2. the use of rhetorical questions which is very effective in conveying his anger 3.Clever choice of the scenes 4. The tone 5. Comparision and contrast