1. MUST HAVE SHOULD HAVE COULD HAVE Module # 040

2. PAC Algorithms Which one to use? Objective: Know when to use which algorithm. Know how each Algorithm behaves.

3. Configuration & Setup Sequence Plan hardware options (scale, flowmeter cards, etc) Construct (install cards) Calibrate instruments ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Plan PAC configuration (# Material Paths, Channels) Configure PAC database Commision Materials and Channels Optimize PAC parameters ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Control Hardware

4. PAC Algorithms Which one to use? There are three types of Gain in Weight (GIW) Algorithms –Spill(short or erratic behavior) –K1(most common) –K2(fast feeds, downwards into scale) These are your Loss in Weight (LIW) options –Spill –K1 (and less often, K2) –Dump to Empty (DTE)

5. Behaviour Spill – The results of the previous feed are used to adjust the cutoff point of the next feed. Flow rate of the material is not monitored. K1 – The cutoff point is adjusted as the Flow Rate varies during the feed. This is a dynamic behaviour. K2 – The cutoff point is adjusted as the Flow Rate varies during the feed. This is a dynamic behaviour. Dump to Empty – the Qi will attempt to completely empty the scale. A target value is ignored.

6. Unfortunately the Final spill value is not always directly proportional to the Flow rate! Some components are Proportional and some are not The resultant Sum of all components is non Linear The complex mathematical algorithms are described as the “PAC Algorithms” –Have been patented by P&G It is these PAC Algorithms which result in the Qi’s accuracy and repeatability at higher flow rates Flow Rate Final Spill value Linear effect K1 K2 Final Spill. Summation of all graphs Non Linear effect

7. PAC Algorithms Which one to use? Spill –Very erratic flows or short feeds ( < 6seconds ) K1 –Materials which have initial downward velocity of zero Ie horizontal entry –Materials which have slow flow rates Even if vertical entry –Flow meters, Screw Feeders, Vibratory feeders and Discharge weighing –When Spill is proportional to Flow The initial downwards velocity is zero

8. PAC Algorithms, Which one to use? K2 –Materials which have fast flow rates directed downwards into the scale –Ie there is a large deceleration force –Hint: spills are small in relation to the flow rate as the deceleration component is negative and subtracts from the inflight material –Non linear spill wrt Flow Rate –As Flow Rate increases the amount of material in flight does so only slightly Material in suspension

9. The Algorithms - Summary Spill –Very erratic flows or short feeds ( < 6seconds ) K1 –Materials which have initial downward velocity of zero Ie horizontal entry –Materials which have slow flow rates Even if vertical entry –Flowmeters –Loss In Weight Feeds K2 –Materials which have fast flow rates directed downwards into the scale –Ie there is a large deceleration force –Hint: spills are small in relation to the flow rate as the deceleration component is negative and subtracts from the inflight material –Non linear spill, sometimes inversely proportional to flow rate

10. Tips Sometimes its not obvious which to use. Collect data using K1, collect data using K2 and compare results. Collect data and draw a X, Y graph of FlowQ and Final Spill –If linear then K1 –If non linear then K2

11. Review Questions Which Algorithm would you use when: –Adding via a flowmeter downwards into a Scale at very high flow rate? –When you are dumping to empty? –High flow rates downwards into a Scale.