1. An Interagency Research Initiative for Ground-Based Lidar Profiling of Tropospheric Ozone and Aerosol CENRS Air Quality Research Subcommittee Nov. 17, 2011 Washington, DC Mike Newchurch 1, Jay Al-Saadi 2, R. J. Alvarez 3, John Burris 4, John Hair 5, Russell DeYoung 5, Mike Hardesty 3, Shi Kuang 1, A. O. Langford 3, Stuart McDermid 6,Tom McGee 4, Christoph Senff 3, Jim Szykman 7 1 UAHuntsville 2 NASA/HQ 3 NOAA/ESRL 4 NASA/GSFC 5 NASA/LaRC 6 NASA/JPL 7 USEPA DRAFT

2. I. Motivation for prototype ozone lidar network measurements PBL Processes, especially those involving the diurnal pumping of the boundary layer, are the scientific key to understanding regional/local interactions resulting in surface ozone. Understanding the spatio-temporal complexity of these physical and chemical processes demands observations at high spatial (initially vertical) and temporal resolution. Ozonesondes are extensively used in various atmospheric chemistry studies because of their low upfront cost and well-characterized behavior. However, the whole process for a sonde launch typically requires four hours. And four-hour ozonesonde resolution is prohibitively expensive. We therefore consider lidars to provide the necessary spatial and temporal resolution. GEO-CAPE will measure tropospheric gases and aerosols at ~8km and hourly resolution. Vertical resolution is on the order of 5-10km in the troposphere. This vertical resolution is inadequate to resolve laminar structures that characterize tropospheric ozone and aerosols. Furthermore, GEO-CAPE information content in the PBL will likely be inadequate to resolve the processes responsible for air quality variability. We seek, therefore, to understand how the spaceborne measurements may be complemented with a ground-based measurement system. Air quality models are critical for supporting important policy decisions. Unfortunately, the general lack of high-resolution observations aloft limits the evaluation of air-quality models. The lidar profiling measurements can make significant contributions in evaluating air-quality models and improving their simulation and forecasting capabilities. DRAFT

3. Comparison of the techniques for ozone observation a For OMI tropospheric ozone retrieval [Liu et al. 2010], [Worden et al. 2007]. b For ground-based only. The airborne lidar system can measure ozone with a 600-m spatial resolution, e.g., [Langford et al. 2011]. c For ground-base system, e.g., Sunnesson et al.1994; Proffitt and Langford 1997; Kuang et al. 2011. The temporal resolution is strongly related to the retrieval uncertainty. Generally longer integration time will reduce the uncertainty arising from statistical error. d The estimated cost is based on $800/launch and launching 6 sondes every day. OzonesondeGround-based lidarSun-synchronous Satellite (OMI) a Geostationary satellite (GEO-CAPE) Vertical resolution ~100m100-1000m10-14km 5-10 km Spatial coverage PointPoint b GlobalLand and coastlines over 10-60 o N band Spatial resolution N/AN/A b 13X48km at nadir8x8km Temporal resolution Typically 1 week, max 4 hr 2-30 min c Typically 1 day1 hr Meas. uncertainty 10%Typically 10% at the near range and 20% at the far range 6%-35% Cost Typically $40k/year, max $1,752k/year d Goal: <$300k/year for fixed station high Major strength well-characterized, low up- front cost, good vertical resolution, High temporal resolution, low cost for frequent routine measurement global coverage, high accuracy on total column retrieval High spatio-temporal resolution relative to sun-sync satellite Major weakness Low temporal resolutionUnable to measure ozone above thick cloud, higher up- front cost relative to sonde Low vertical resolution (particularly limited to resolve PBL) DRAFT

4. ozonesonde Lidar ozone curtain with10-minute resolution DRAFT

5. O3 measurements with 4-hour temporal resolution DRAFT

6. II. Air-Quality Lidar-Network Working Group (AQLNWG) DRAFT

7. Partners DRAFT Agency roles NASA: Historical funding of several lidar programs and GEO-CAPE satellite program. NOAA: Funding of ESRL lidar group, AQ campaigns, NESDIS satellite programs. EPA: Principal user and policy driver. NASA R&A initiated and invited participation in AQLNWG Name the members here? Funding NASA providing funding to adapt existing instruments, begin acquiring data, archive data, and facilitate data use NOAA and EPA providing funding for instrument conversion, deployment, data analysis

8. Purpose of the AQLNWG DRAFT 1.Provide high-resolution time-height measurements of ozone and aerosols at a few sites from near surface to upper troposphere for scientific investigations of air-quality processes and GEO-CAPE mission definition. 2.Develop recommendations for lowering the cost and improving the robustness of such systems to better enable their possible use in future national networks to address the needs of NASA, NOAA, EPA and State/local AQ agencies.

9. Charge to the AQLNWG DRAFT 1.Is a lidar network for air-quality measurements a high priority for advancing the state of the science? How would a NASA demonstration activity fit into monitoring needs/plans for other agencies and the nation? Can it fulfill needs for satellite retrieval algorithm development and cal/val? 2.Instrument hardware: Is a commercial solution available or imminent? What specific technology development may be required, and what mechanism is appropriate (e.g., NASA Centers, SBIR)? How soon could candidate instruments be available? Do we know these things, or should an RFI be issued? 3.What are the desired performance characteristics for: concentration, extinction, altitude range, sensitivity, measurement frequency, etc.? 4.What are the desired network characteristics: How many instruments would be needed for adequate demonstration? Where should they be located? Should portability be an emphasis? Consider value added by co-location within other networks (GALION, AERONET, MPLNET, profilers, AQ monitoring, supersites). 5.Synergies with other activities (field campaigns, e.g., Discover-AQ; routine aircraft profiling (MOZAIC/ IAGOS)). Assessment/improvement of CMAQ modeling. Integrated network system design strategy. Roles of different agencies/organizations.

10. Science Investigations that the AQLNWG will address DRAFT 1.Provide high spatio-temporal observations of PBL and FT ozone and aerosol for use by the GEO- CAPE science team to study the character of the atmospheric structure that GEO-CAPE will observe and assess the fidelity with which a geo instrument can measure that structure. 2.Discover new structures and processes at the PBL/FT boundary, especially in the diurnal variation of that interface. 3.Foster use of these high-resolution ozone and aerosol observations to improve the processes in air-quality forecast and diagnostic models. 4.Exploit synergy with DISCOVER AQ, thermodynamic profilers, MOZAIC/IAGOS, regulatory surface monitors, and other networks. 5.Improve our understanding of the relationship between ozone and aerosols aloft and surface ozone and PM values. [Fairlie et al., 2009] [Thompson, et al., 2008] [Morris, et al., 2010]. 6.Advance our understanding of processes controlling regional background atmospheric composition (including STE and long range transport) and their effect on surface air quality to prepare for the GEO-CAPE era.

11. Instruments and Locations DRAFT  Technology considerations and Brassboard instruments: 4 lidar technology approaches (YAG pumped Raman cells, YAG pumped Ce:LiCAF tunable laser, YAG pumped dye laser, OPO.  Location. Begin with current expertise at their locations. Also develop mobile lidars.  Undertake minimal instrument configuration changes to allow focus on making ozone measurements from near surface to middle or upper troposphere at several different locations across the USA that span the variability space.  TMF: 2-color Raman-cell system downwind of Los Angeles. Reduce lower altitude to ~few hundred meters AGL.  ESRL: Boulder, CO, Convert a/c TOPAZ lidar to ground-based scanning mobile instrument.  UAH: Huntsville, AL, Implement 3-color Raman-cell lidar and reduce lower altitude to ~200m AGL.  LaRC: Bring SESI Ce:LiCAF lidar to operation in a mobile configuration.  GSFC: Construct a 2-color Raman-cell lidar instead of OPO.

12. III. Scientific investigations addressed by the lidar network DRAFT

13. May 01May 02May 03May 04May 05May 06May 07May 08 May 3, 2010 Daytime PBL top collapsed Evolution of the Boundary Layer Ozone Maximum -lidar measurements and RAQMS model simulation (modeled by B. Pierce/U. of Wisconsin-Madison) May 4 May 5 May 6 (high PBL O3) Missed May 7 EPA surface DRAFT

14. Co-located ceilometer backscatter Low-level jet Co-located wind profiler Positive correlation of ozone and aerosol due to transport Oct. 4, 2008 Kuang et al. Atmospheric Environment 2011 Aerosol Lidar O3 Transport: Nocturnal O3 enhancement associated with low-level jet Oct. 2, 08 Oct. 3, 08 Oct. 1, 08 Oct. 5, 08 Oct. 6, 08 Oct. 4, 08 Surface O3 and convective boundary layer height Higher increasing rate of the surface O3 due to the low-level transport on the previous day DRAFT

15. Local time GOME total O 3 Nov. 5 Stratospheric O 3, zero RH Sonde Stratosphere-to-troposphere transport and its CMAQ Model simulation, Nov. 5, 2010 Huntsville Lidar O3 Ozonesonde showing the high O3 and dry layer Modeled by Arastoo Pour-Biazar/UAH DRAFT

16. High-resolution PBL lidar observation suggests both UV and Vis radiances required to capture significant PBL signal for satellite Huntsville lidar observation on Aug. 4, 2010 Lidar obs. convolved with OMI UV averaging kernel---- unable to capture the highly variable ozone structure in PBL Lidar obs. Convolved with OMI UV-Vis averaging kernel- ---Captures the PBL ozone structure. X. Liu et al. DRAFT

17. Stratospheric contribution to high surface ozone in Colorado during springtime A.O. Langford, K.C. Aikin 1, C.S. Eubank 1, E.J Williams 1 Chemical Sciences Division ESRL, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado USA 1 also at Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA. Langford NOAA/ESRL/CSD Stratospheric Tropospheric DRAFT

18. E.J. Williams Surface O 3 and CO anticorrelated Langford NOAA/ESRL/CSD DRAFT

19. CDPHE and NPS monitors Surface O 3 increased from 55 to 100 ppbv in RMNP! Langford NOAA/ESRL/CSD DRAFT

20. JPL/TMF ozone & water vapor lidars Ozone (left) and water vapor (Right) with 10 minute resolution showing the progression of a stratospheric intrusion and the anti-correlation between ozone and water. O3H2O S. McDermid DRAFT

21. III. Sites and hardware configurations DRAFT

22. UAH NASA/LaRC JPL/TMF NOAA/ESRL Initial sites of the ground-based lidar network to provide O3 and aerosol data for air-quality study and GEO- CAPE mission 22 NASA/GSFC Ancillary site info: TMF: sondes, ESRL: weekly sondes UAH: weekly sondes, miniMPL, physical profilers (T, U, ceilometer). LaRC: need CAPABLE input GSFC: need input DRAFT

23. UAHuntsville planned configuration 3 receiver channels covering 0.1-12km 1.3- λ ( 283-289-299) system to minimize aerosol interference 2.Adding a 1-inch mini receiver channel to reduce the lowest measurement altitude to ~100m from the current 500m 3.Expected operation by summer 2012 DRAFT Schematic diagram of the future transmitters and receivers.

24. TOPAZ: NOAA’s airborne Ozone/Aerosol Lidar (TOPAZ = Tunable Optical Profiler for Aerosols and oZone) Compact, light-weight, all solid state lidar 3 tunable UV wavelengths Designed for nadir-looking deployment on NOAA Twin Otter Measures ozone and aerosol backscatter profiles Altitude coverage: from near the surface up to 5 km MSL Resolution (O 3 ): 90 m vertical, 600 m horizontal Precision (O 3 ) : 2-15 ppb DRAFT

25. TOPAZ modifications for ground-based, scanning operation 1.Invert telescope to zenith-looking 2.Install in truck with roof top scanner DRAFT

26. Scan strategy & expected performance of ground-based TOPAZ Anticipated instrument performance  Time resolution: 1 min per angle; 5 min per scan sequence  Range/altitude resolution: 90 m; 3 – 90 m  Range/altitude coverage: 400 m – 4 km; 17 m – 4 km AGL  Precision: 1 – 10 ppb (SNR and range dependent) 90º 10º 2º 17 m AGL ~4 km AGL 3-angle scan sequence designed to provide composite O 3 profiles from 17 m to approx. 4 km AGL. Horizontal stares will be performed occasionally. DRAFT

27. Deployments of ground-based TOPAZ in FY 2012 1.Uintah Basin Ozone Study (UBOS)  The UBOS study is designed to examine in detail the role of local atmospheric chemistry and meteorology in producing high wintertime O 3 concentrations in the Uintah Basin in NE Utah.  TOPAZ will provide horizontal and vertical profiles of ozone as well as estimates of boundary layer height.  Time frame: February/March 2012 2. Local measurements (Boulder, Fritz Peak)  TOPAZ will measure vertical profiles of ozone at regular intervals at NOAA/ESRL in Boulder or at the Fritz Peak Observatory to a) provide a vertical context for the routine surface O 3 observations in the greater Denver area and b) extend the record of mid-tropospheric ozone profile measurements by Langford et al. from the 1990s.  Time frame: April – September 2012 DRAFT

28. Comparison of the target configurations of the O3 lidars at different sites SiteCharacteristicsStrengthWeaknessMeasurable range (agl) Anticipated operation year JPL/TMFQuadruple YAG pumped Raman laser, 3-λ,3-receiver 355nm channel measuring aerosol Fixed location, Limited daytime measurements 0.1-15 km2012 NOAA/ESRLNd:YLF pumped Ce:LiCAF tunable 2- λ,1-receiver, scanning, mobile Tunable wavelength, Scanning, mobile Only 2-λ, potential aerosol interference, limited alt measurement range 0.4-4 km2012 UAHuntsvilleQuadruple YAG pumped Raman laser, 3-λ,3-receiver Low PBL measurement, UV dual-DIAL removing aerosol effect Fixed location, no scanning initially. 0.1-12 km2012 NASA/GSFCHigh freq. OPO, 2- λ,1-receiver. Expect to implement YAG- pumped Raman lidar. OPO is a tunable lidar, can be mobile. Raman lidar more powerful. OPO limited power. Raman-cell lidar fixed location. 0.5-12 km2012 NASA/LaRCNd:YLF pumped Ce:LiCAF tunable 2- λ,1-receiver, scanning, mobile Tunable wavelength, mobile Only 2-λ, potential aerosol interference, limited alt measurement range 0.4-4km2012 DRAFT

29. Conclusions Ozone/aerosol lidar research initiative will address compelling science questions of regional/local processes controlling air quality – Laminar structures associated with long range pollutant transport and stratospheric influence – Residual O3 aloft and diurnal PBL pumping These measurements will be used to – Measure the impact of ozone aloft on surface ozone over a diverse range of air-quality environments in the US – Evaluate air quality models to improve their simulation and forecasting capabilities – Provide high time-resolved observations to begin preparing for GEO-CAPE satellite mission observations expected early in the next decade – Inform future discussion about whether such measurements are needed routinely Leveraging significant current instrumentation and expertise provides a cost effective way to obtain these research observations Interagency interest and participation, and engagement of non-Federal partners to address high-priority research gaps, enhances the probability of effective outcome DRAFT

30. Backup DRAFT

31. LaRC ozone lidar Telescope Lidar Control DAQ System Receiver Box Laser Transmitter 1. Ground-based, but can be modified to a mobile system 2. Tunable two wavelengths within 282-313 nm for O3 measurement 3. 527nm for aerosol measurement DRAFT

32. GSFC tropospheric ozone lidar Schematic of the Non-Linear Optics bench within the laser. The Nd-YAG laser is mounted upside down on the underside of the NLO bench. The 1064 nm pump beam enters the NLO bench at the lower right. DRAFT

33. TOPAZ applications TexAQS 2006: Quantifying horizontal transport of O 3 downwind from Houston and Dallas Cross sections of ozone downwind of Houston measured with TOPAZ on 08/14/2006. Ozone fluxes are computed for each transect by integrating above-background ozone across the plume and multiplying with horizontal wind speed measured with radar wind profilers. Ozone fluxes as a function of plume age downwind from Houston and Dallas (includes data from TexAQS 2000). Senff, C. J. et al., 2010: Airborne lidar measurements of ozone flux downwind of Houston and Dallas, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D20307, doi:10.1029/2009JD013689. DRAFT

34. TOPAZ applications Pre-CalNex 2009: Orographic lifting & long-range transport of O 3 originating in the Los Angeles Basin SMOG model predictions (top) compared with TOPAZ lidar observations (bottom). 48-h (solid) and 60-h (dotted) forward trajectories suggesting long-range transport aloft of O 3 from Los Angeles to Utah and Colorado. Langford, A. O., et al., 2010: Long-range transport of ozone from the Los Angeles Basin: A case study, Geophys. Res. Lett., doi:10.1029/2010GL042507. DRAFT