2. States of Consciousness Sleep Hypnosis Drugs EQ: How do various levels of consciousness affect human behavior and mental processes?

3. When we are awake we are? In a state of Consciousness Our awareness of ourselves and our surroundings.

4. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Levels of Consciousness Conscious Preconscious Unconscious Nonconscious

5. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Levels of Consciousness Conscious – Brain process of which we are aware Nonconscious – Brain process that does not involve conscious processing (e.g. heart rate, breathing, control of internal organs)

6. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Unconscious – Many levels of processing that occur without awareness Levels of Consciousness Preconscious – Information that is not currently in consciousness, but can be brought into consciousness if attention is called to it

7. Why do we daydream? They can help us prepare for future events. They can nourish our social development. Can substitute for impulsive behavior.

8. Biological Rhythms Annual Cycles: seasonal variations (bears hibernation, seasonal affective disorder) 28 day cycles: menstrual cycle. 24 hour cycle: our circadian rhythm 90 minute cycle: sleep cycles.

9. Sleep The Great Equalizer !!!

10. Circadian Rhythm Our 24 hour biological clock. Our body temperature and awareness changes throughout the day. It is best to take a test or study during your circadian peaks. How can the circadian rhythm help explain jet lag? Knee pad light exposure experiment Sunday night insomnia

11. Sleep Stages There are 5 identified stages of sleep. It takes about 90-100 minutes to pass through the 5 stages. The brain’s waves will change according to the sleep stage you are in. The first four stages are known as NREM sleep.. The fifth stage is called REM sleep.

12. Stage One This is experienced as falling to sleep and is a transition stage between wake and sleep. It usually lasts between 1 and 5 minutes and occupies approximately 2-5 % of a normal night of sleep. eyes begin to roll slightly. consists mostly of theta waves (high amplitude, low frequency (slow)) brief periods of alpha waves, similar to those present while awake Hallucinations can occur and feeling of falling.

13. Stage Two This follows Stage 1 sleep and is the "baseline" of sleep. This stage is part of the 90 minute cycle and occupies approximately 45-60% of sleep.

14. Stage Three & Four Stages three and four are "Delta" sleep or "slow wave" sleep and may last 15-30 minutes. It is called "slow wave" sleep because brain activity slows down dramatically from the "theta" rhythm of Stage 2 to a much slower rhythm called "delta" and the height or amplitude of the waves increases dramatically.

15. Stage Three and Four (continued) Contrary to popular belief, it is delta sleep that is the "deepest" stage of sleep (not REM) and the most restorative. It is delta sleep that a sleep-deprived person's brain craves the first and foremost. In children, delta sleep can occupy up to 40% of all sleep time and this is what makes children unawake able or "dead asleep" during most of the night.

16. Stage Five: REM SLEEP REM: Rapid Eye Movement This is a very active stage of sleep. Composes 20-25 % of a normal nights sleep. Breathing, heart rate and brain wave activity quicken. Vivid Dreams can occur. From REM, you go back to Stage 2

17. REM Body is essentially paralyzed during REM. Genitals become aroused. Erections and clitoral engorgement. “Morning Erections” are from final REM stage. A typical 25 year old man has an erection during half of his sleep. A 65 year old- one quarter.

19. How much sleep do we need? We all need different amounts of sleep depending on our age and genetics. But we ALL sleep- about 25 years on average. How do you feel when you don’t get enough sleep?

21. Can you just make up lost sleep in one night? NO

22. Why do we need sleep? (Two theories) 1.Ecological Niche: back in the day, darkness meant death, those that slept did not go out, thus did not die. Sleep protects us.

23. Sleep helps us recuperate and restores the breakdown of our body.

24. Sleep Disorders

25. Insomnia Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep. Not your once in a while (I have a big test tomorrow) having trouble getting to sleep episodes. Insomnia is not defined by the number of hours you sleep every night. Primary versus Secondary insomnia. 60 Million

26. Narcolepsy Characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. Lapses directly into REM sleep (usually during times of stress or joy).

27. Sleep Apnea A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings.

28. Night Terrors A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified.A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified. Occur in Stage 4, not REM, and are not often remembered.Occur in Stage 4, not REM, and are not often remembered.

29. Sleepwalking (Somnambulism) Sleepwalking is a sleep disorder effecting an estimated 10 percent of all humans at least once in their lives. Sleep walking most often occurs during deep non-REM sleep (stage 3 or stage 4 sleep) early in the night.

31. When we discovered the different stages of sleep, our dream research really took off!!! WHY? REM

32. Why do we Dream? Three Theories

33. Freud’s wish-fulfillment Theory Dreams are the key to understanding our inner conflicts. Ideas and thoughts that are hidden in our unconscious. Manifest and latent content

34. Dreams A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Manifest Content: the remembered storyline of a dream. Latent Content: the underlying meaning of a dream.

35. Information-Processing Theory Dreams act to sort out and understand the memories that you experience that day. REM sleep does increase after stressful events.

36. Physiological Function Theories Activation-Synthesis Theory: during the night our brainstem releases random neural activity, dreams may be a way to make sense of that activity.

37. REM Rebound The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation. What will happen if you don’t get a good nights sleep for a week, and then sleep for 10 hours? You will dream a lot.

38. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Hypnosis Hypnosis – Induced state of altered awareness, characterized by heightened suggestibility and deep relaxation Hypnotizability – Degree to which an individual is responsive to hypnotic suggestions

39. Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale There are 10 actual tests devised by Wilson and Barber. We tried two of them.

40. And This… Close your eyes and imagine you are cutting a lemon…a large…sour…bitter lemon…so full of juice that it drips over your fingers onto the floor. Now imagine sucking the juice from the lemon. What is happening? Are you salivating?

41. Another One… Interlock the fingers of both hands. Hold your palms against the top of your head. Pull downwards, keeping your hands joined. Now turn your hands over so that your knuckles are against your head maintaining a downward pressure. You will be unable to unclasp your hands until I tell you to.

42. Research further indicates: Ability to experience it does not indicate weakness Participants retain the ability to control their behavior. They are aware of their surroundings. Posthypnotic amnesia is relatively rare. It is not dangers when practiced by qualified people It does not increase your memory. It does not create a reexperiencing of childhood events.

43. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Meditation Meditation – Form of consciousness change induced by focusing on a repetitive behavior, assuming certain body positions and minimizing external stimulation

44. Explaining Hypnosis

45. DRUGS

46. Drug Tolerance The diminishing effect with regular dose of the same dose. Psychological v. Physical dependence

47. Psychoactive Drugs Depressants: slow down body functions. Stimulants: arouse body functions. Hallucinogens: distort perceptions or evoke sensation without sensory input.

48. Depressants Alcohol Slows down sympathetic nervous system. Disrupts memory processing. Reduces self- awareness. Involved in up to 60% of all crimes. The worst drug from a macro perspective out there.

49. Depressants Barbiturates Tranquilizers Taken to sleep (but reduce REM sleep). Taken with other drugs- you can get a synergistic effect.

50. Depressants Opiates Heroin and morphine Addiction comes fast and the withdrawal symptoms are bad

51. Stimulants Amphetamines (Speed) Cocaine Crack “the crash”

53. Hallucinogens LSD (Acid) Can cause PTSD and schizophrenia. Geometric patterns

54. Hallucinogens Marijuana THC (Tetrahydrocannabinl) Difficult to classify Can amplify senses Is it addictive?

55. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Highly addictive; produce a sense of well-being and have strong pain- relieving properties Morphine Codeine Heroin Methadone Opiates