1. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING 1 SPECIALTY PLASTICS Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)

2. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING 2 General Description Benzene rings and sulfur atoms form the backbone of the symmetrical macromolecule and characterize the properties: - high strength, stiffness and hardness, - high heat distortion temperature, - low moisture absorption, - favorable flow properties, - high dimensional stability, - high chemical resistance, - high weathering & radiation resistance - low flammability (without additives).

3. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING 3 Structure and General Properties  PPS has a symmetrical structure and is only slightly branched  So it is highly crystalline; degree of crystallinity, and thus the properties of moldings, depend on the thermal history to a very great extent.  melting temperature is 285°C  toughness of the brittle basic material is improved by the addition of glass fiber and mineral fibers.

4. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING 4 Additives Among the high temperature resistant additives, the most important are glass fiber, carbon fiber & mineral fillers such as chalk, iron oxide and others – Carbon fiber reduces surface resistance & in special cases achieves a desired electrical conductivity – Mineral fillers improve processability, reduce shrinkage (particularly anisotropic shrinkage) and improve surface gloss – Graphite increases the stiffness of molded material – PTFE improves the friction and wear characteristics.

5. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING 5 Availability Four basic grades of PPS compounds are: glass-reinforced glass- & mineral filled pigmented glass- & mineral filled and carbon fiber-reinforced. 40% glass-reinforced material has lower density and higher mechanical strength than glass- and mineral filled compounds which offer a good balance of properties at a lower cost & the pigmented glass- & mineral filled grade offers competitive properties & attractive colour at an intermediate cost.

6. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING 6 Thermal Properties No appreciable weight loss in filled PPS below 500 o C in N 2 or air. Coefficient of linear expansion is comparable to that of aluminium. Water absorption of PPS is low. After immersion in water for 31 days at 100 °C, the increase in weight was only 1.01 %. Good Heat ageing resistance - UL long-term temperature indices of 170 °C for 40% w/w glass reinforced PPS & 200 °C for 40% w/w glass- and mineral filled PPS

7. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING 7 Resistance to Chemicals Excellent chemical resistance, better than other advanced engineering plastics No known solvents below 200°C Inert to steam, strong bases, fuels and acids Minimal moisture absorption Very low coefficient of linear thermal expansion Stress-relieving manufacturing PPS ideally suited for precise tolerance machined components

8. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING 8 Resistance to Chemicals At room temperature PPS is resistant to dilute mineral acids, alkaline solutions, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols chlorinated hydrocarbons, oils, fats, water and hydrolysis

9. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING 9 Flammability PPS exhibits excellent fire retardancy (LOI = 53) When exposed to a flame, molded PPS extinguishes only after removal of the ignition source & then chars forming shiny black crust there is slight expansion It burns with a yellowish-orange flame giving off grey smoke with black traces and a smell of rotten eggs It does not drip.

10. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING 10 Processing PPS is injection and compression molded. Non-stick coatings are applied to metal parts by fluidized bed dipping or electrostatic spraying. Mold cavities should be well ventilated as air inclusions lead to weak flow lines.

11. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING 11 Processing Pre-drying The glass fiber reinforced grades require drying only when stored in poor conditions. It is recommended that the mineral-filled grades are dried for 6 hours at 160°C. Regrind must be pre-dried. The excellent thermal stability of the material enables the proportion of regrind to be as high as 35%.

12. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING 12 Processing Melt temperature is 340 to 370°C Mold temperature 25 to 200°C. At 120°C, molding surfaces become smooth and shiny. The toughest moldings are obtained at 40°C Molding shrinkage is 1 % for unreinforced & 0.2% for glass fiber reinforced material Metal inserts cause stress cracking which can be avoided by selecting special purpose grades

13. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING 13 Joining Moldings can be joined by screws. Vibration welding provides higher strength joins than ultrasonic welding. PPS can be bonded to itself and most other materials including metals with epoxide resin adhesives, cyanoacrylate and reactive monomeric acrylate systems.

14. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING 14 Typical Applications Pump Parts: Housings, impellers, bushings, ball valves, pump vanes, end plates, oil well valves, oil well sucker rod guides and heat shields Electrical components: High voltage enclosures and sockets, coil bobbins, yokes and connectors, printed circuits for digital watches, relay housings, guides and switch relays, encapsulating of contacts and connectors.

15. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING 15 Typical Applications valve & compressor parts HPLC COMPONENTS SOCKET ASSEMBLY

16. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING 16 New applications: High pressure liquid chromatography components, Wafer retaining rings for CMP polishing, Hydrocarbon pump, valve & compressor parts Oil field parts, Aerospace components Medical and diagnostic device parts Electronic device encapsulation, Microwave cookware, Thick-walled mechanical parts, High arc resistance, High modulus anti-friction devices.

17. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING 17 Typical Applications PPS is also used in the coatings industry. Slurry coatings can be applied by a spraying and baking operation. Release coatings are formulated from PPS along with small amounts of PTFE and appropriate pigments and applied by slurry techniques.

18. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING 18 MANUFACTURERS Celstran®Celstran® (Ticona) Comshield®Comshield® (A. Schulman Inc.) LartonLarton (LATI S.P.A.) NOVAPPS®NOVAPPS® (Mitsubishi Engineering-Plastics Corp) RTP CompoundsRTP Compounds (RTP Company) Ryton®Ryton® (Chevron Phillips Chemical Co.) SUPEC*SUPEC* (GE Advanced Materials Asia Pacific) Techtron®Techtron® (Quadrant Engineering Plastic Products) TEDUR®TEDUR® (Albis Plastics Corporation) Thermotuf*Thermotuf* (LNP Engineering Plastics Inc.) Torelina®Torelina® Alloy (Toray Resin Company) TOYOBO TOYOBO (TOYOBO America, Inc.) Xtel (TM) Xtel (TM) (Chevron Phillips Chemical Co.)

19. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING 19 Further Reading 1.BRYDSON J.A, Plastics Material, Butterworth Heinemann, oxford, New Delhi (2005) 2.DOMININGHAUS H., Plastics for Engineering, Hanser publishers, Munich, New York (1998) 3.CHARLESS A. HARPER, Modern Plastics Hand Book McGraw –Hill, New York (1999) 4.MARGOLIS J. M., Engineering Thermoplastics, Marcel-Dekker, New York (1985)

20. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING 20 Table –I Guide values of properties of PPS PropertiesUnitsPPSR 4R10 Densityg/cm 3 1.671.601.90 Water absorption (23°C, 24h)%-0.050.03 Tensile strengthN/mm 2 12111683 Elongation at break%0.90.5 Tensile modulus of elasticityN/mm 2 11470012400 Impact strength (Izod)J/m69175132 Impact strength (Charpy)kJ/m 2 12.86.1 Notched impact strengthJ/m5.853 Notched impact strengthkJ/m 2 6.64.2 Rockwell hardnessscaleR 123 R 120 Melting Point°C285 Service temperature in air without mechanical loading long-term°C200 Glass transition temperature9388 Heat deflection temperature°C260

21. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING 21 Table –I Guide values of properties of PPS PropertiesUnitsPPSR 4R10 Vicat ISOMethod A°C243245 Coefficient of linear expansionmm/mm/°C2.9x10 5 22.10 -6 Thermal conductivityW/mK0.25 Volume resistivity  cm 4.6.10 16 Surface resistance  4.5.10 16 2.10 15 Dielectric constant 10 6 Hz3.8 4.8-6.1 Dissipation factor 50 Hz0.00140.01-0.08 Dielectric strengthkV/mm17.2 Power Factor0.0014 Fire performance to UL 94classV-0

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