1. Polarized Electrons for Linear Colliders J. E. Clendenin, A. Brachmann, E. L. Garwin, R. E. Kirby, D.-A. Luh, T. Maruyama, R. Prepost, C. Y. Prescott, J. C. Sheppard, and J. Turner

2. Outline 1. Charge 2. Polarization 3. Other 4. Conclusions

3. 1.Collider Charge Requirements ParameterILCILC at SourceSCRFNCRF N e,  pulse nC6.4*2.4*  zns20.5 I  pulse, avg A3.24.8 *Twice the IP requirement

4. Generating Polarized Electrons from GaAs Illuminate p-doped GaAs (or its analogues) crystal with circularly polarized monochromatic light tuned to the band-gap edge. Absorbed photons promote e - from filled VB states to CB. CB e - eventually reach surface. with Cs(O) lowers it several additional eV, resulting in the vacuum level being lower than the CBM in the bulk (NEA surface). If the cathode is biased negative, CB electrons at the surface are emitted into vacuum. In p-doped materials, band-bending lowers work function by ~1/3 of the 1.4 eV band gap. Treating surface

5. Space Charge Limit (SCL) (Child’s Law) (Child’s Law) SLC DC gun: ● Cathode bias -120 kV to keep max fields <8 MV/m ● Low fields necessary to minimize the dark current that degrades the QE ● GaAs crystal 2-cm dia. decreases j e, but increases beam emittance at source

6. For SLC, low-energy beam transport (various apertures in the 3-4 cm range) designed for 20 nC in 3 ns with beam interception in first m <0.1%, in first 3-m <1%. Laser 3 ns, thick GaAs cathode dia=1.5 cm, bias -160 kV, 20 nC, thus I  pulse,avg =6.7 A [Eppley et al., PAC91, p. 1964] cath-dia -bias SCL cmkVA Eppley1.516010 SLC2.016017 SLC2.012011

7. ParameterILCILCILCSLC at SourceSCRFNCRFNCRF-Inj/Design SCRF-Linac(2-cm) n e nC6.42.46.420  zns20.50.53 I  pulse, avg A3.24.812.86.7 I  pulse, peak A11 (SCL) Conclusion: Space charge limit a problem for ILC source only if try to operate with NCRF injector S-band linac

8. Surface Photovoltaic (SPV) Effect [Clendenin et al., to be published in NIM A (2004)]  Elsevier B.V.

9. Higher doping solves the SPV problem: can be restricted to last few nm at surface (“gradient doping”) to avoid depolarization effects in bulk* * Creates the practical problem of how to clean the surface at low T prior to Cs(O) activation Four samples with different doping levels: 5  10 18 cm -3 1  10 19 cm -3 2  10 19 cm -3 5  10 19 cm -3 [Clendeni n et al, to be published in NIM A (2004) ]  Elsevier B.V.

10. SLAC Experimental Results Using High-Polarization Gradient-Doped Cathodes and Long Pulse Laser [a] Maruyama et al., NIM A 492 (2002), 199, Fig. 18 [b] Clendenin et al., to be published in NIM A (2004)

11. Very high current densities achieved by reducing the laser spot diameter at the cathode

12. 2.Polarization Highest polarization from thin (~100 nm) epilayer having a biaxial compressive strain. Strain produced by lattice mismatch with substrate and/or by quantum confinement associated with short-period superlattice structures. Highest polarization from thin (~100 nm) epilayer having a biaxial compressive strain. Strain produced by lattice mismatch with substrate and/or by quantum confinement associated with short-period superlattice structures. Strain breaks the degeneracy of hh and lh energy bands at the VBM. A separation of 50-80 meV now readily achieved. Strain breaks the degeneracy of hh and lh energy bands at the VBM. A separation of 50-80 meV now readily achieved.

13. On absorption of photon, VB electron promoted to CB. The hh-lh splitting sufficient to select electrons from hh band only, resulting in CB electrons of 1 spin state only. [Alley et al., NIM A 365 (1995) 1]  Elsevier B.V.

14. Accuracy of SLC Polarimeters The CTS (Cathode Test System) Mott at SLAC is a compact low-energy (20 kV) retarding-field polarimeter located in the Cathode Test Lab The CTS (Cathode Test System) Mott at SLAC is a compact low-energy (20 kV) retarding-field polarimeter located in the Cathode Test Lab The GTL (Gun Test Lab) Mott at SLAC is a medium-energy (120 kV) multiple-foil polarimeter located in the GTL The GTL (Gun Test Lab) Mott at SLAC is a medium-energy (120 kV) multiple-foil polarimeter located in the GTL SLC Compton polarimeter was located at the IP (50 GeV) SLC Compton polarimeter was located at the IP (50 GeV) Same Mott polarimeters in operation at SLAC today

15. RunCTS-Mott GTL-Mott Compton ’97-9877% 72.92%±0.38% ’9678 79 76.16%±0.40% For ’96 and ‘97/’98, error of SLC Compton polarimeter measurements ~0.5%, dominated by systematic uncertainties. [Abe et al., PRL 84 (2001) 5945] Known depolarization in NDR and NARC: ~2% (NDR 0.8%; NARC 0.7% energy spread, 0.3% synchrotron radiation, 0.4% beam emittance). Thus, during SLC, the Mott measurements (in lab) were consistently ~2% higher than Compton corrected for known depolarization effects. Some of the difference may be spin de- tuning in NARC.

16. E-158 Results E-158 an experiment (2001-2003) to measure parity violation at 50 GeV in electron-electron scattering at SLAC E-158 an experiment (2001-2003) to measure parity violation at 50 GeV in electron-electron scattering at SLAC Moller polarimeter at 50 GeV, similar to JLab’s. Depolarization in A-line ~1%. Moller polarimeter at 50 GeV, similar to JLab’s. Depolarization in A-line ~1%. Runs 1,2 used GaAsP/GaAs strained-layer cathode Runs 1,2 used GaAsP/GaAs strained-layer cathode Run 3 used GaAsP/GaAs superlattice (SL) Run 3 used GaAsP/GaAs superlattice (SL)

17. GaAsP/GaAs Superlattice (SL) Data showing high polarization from MOCVD- grown version first presented by Nishitani et al. at the PESP 2000 Workshop in Nagoya. Data showing high polarization from MOCVD- grown version first presented by Nishitani et al. at the PESP 2000 Workshop in Nagoya. SVT Associates and SLAC collaborated to explore parameter space for MBE-grown version. SVT Associates and SLAC collaborated to explore parameter space for MBE-grown version. –Results show an amazingly stable high polarization over a wide range of parameter space [Maruyama et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 (2004) 2640] while maintaining a high QE. –One of these SL wafers used for E-158-III.

18. Comparison of 3 photocathodes representing 2 structures

19. aT. Nishitani et al., in SPIN 2000, AIP Conf. Proc. 570 (2001), p. 1021 bT. Maruyama et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 (2004) 2640 cOn line, preliminary value of P emax. dT. Maruyama et al., Nucl. Instrum. and Meth. A 492 (2002) 199, Fig. 13 eP.L. Anthony et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 (2004) 181602

20. “Spin Dance” at Jefferson Lab Relative analyzing power for 5 JLab polarimeters operated simultaneously to measure polarization of common beam on pulse-to-pulse basis. Error bars represent fits to the data only, statistical (much larger) and systematic errors not included. The Moller A value reduced to 1.04 if data set limited to within 25% of max measured polarization (but error bars increase). [Grames et al., PRST-AB 7 (2004) 042802]  American Physical Society

21. Maximum Polarization of SVT SL CTS Mott(86±5)% CTS Mott(86±5)% E-158-III Moller(91±5)% E-158-III Moller(91±5)% (corrected for source) Average(88±4)% Average(88±4)%

22. 3. Other Issues Cathode QE, QE uniformity, anisotropy, lifetime Cathode QE, QE uniformity, anisotropy, lifetime –QE determines required laser energy—the higher the QE the more reliable the laser system can be –QE non-uniformity affects low-energy beam optics, thus needs to be stable –QE anisotropy very low for SL –QE lifetime must be >100 h to ensure stable operating conditions  Cannot always compensate for low QE with more laser energy because of SPV effect  Can restore QE by re-cesiating, takes ~15 min.  SLC lifetimes typically >400 h [J.E. Clendenin et al, in AIP CP-421 (1998), p. 250]

23. Source Vacuum Source Vacuum –Critical for high QE and long lifetime –Affects ion back bombardment  JLab 10,000 C/cm 2 equivalent to 1/e lifetime [C. Sinclair, PAC99, p. 65]  ILC maximum 1000 C/cm 2 per year (SLC type source) High voltage cathode bias High voltage cathode bias –Beam loading effects: each  pulse ~1 mJ, 1-ms pulse train ~3 J –Pulsed HV can be shaped Laser system Laser system –Laser to be modulated at  pulse frequency, i.e., at ~3 MHz –The pulse train envelope can be shaped

24. Next Generation Polarized Electron Sources Higher voltage Higher voltage RG guns RG guns

25. 4. Conclusions High probability that required charge for ILC can be produced using SLC type PES. Numerous problems introduced if  bunch spacing is reduced to significantly <300 ns. High probability that required charge for ILC can be produced using SLC type PES. Numerous problems introduced if  bunch spacing is reduced to significantly <300 ns. P e  85% is assured using well-tested GaAs/GaAsP SL structure. P e  85% is assured using well-tested GaAs/GaAsP SL structure. Various relatively minor issues remain. Various relatively minor issues remain.